Birth to three

BACKGROUND: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires that all graduate medical education (GME) programs provide at least 6 paid weeks off for medical, parental, and caregiver leave to residents. However, it is unclear whether all orthopaedic residency programs have adapted to making specific parental leave policies web-accessible since the ACGME's mandate in 2022. This gap in policy knowledge leaves both prospective and current residents in the dark when it comes to choosing residency programs, and knowing what leave benefits they are entitled to when having children during training via birth, surrogacy, adoption, or legal guardianship...

INTRODUCTION: Undernutrition poses a significant global public health challenge, adversely affecting childhood cognitive and physical development while increasing the risk of disease and mortality. Stunting, characterized by impaired growth and development in children due to insufficient psychological stimulation, frequent infections, and inadequate nutrition, remains a critical issue. Although economic growth alone cannot fully address the prevalence of stunting, there exists a robust correlation between a country's income level and childhood stunting rates...

Hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (HDFN) is a life-threatening disease mediated by maternal alloimmunization to red blood cell (RBC) antigens. Studies of maternal alloimmunization prevalence in the United States (U.S.) lack national data. This study describes prevalence and trends in alloimmunization in pregnancy in the U.S. RBC antibodies (abs) were identified in a large, nationwide, commercial laboratory database from 2010-2021. The cohort comprised pregnancies for which the year of lab collection and patient's state of residence were available...

Childhood obesity represents a significant global health concern and identifying its risk factors is crucial for developing intervention programs. Many "omics" factors associated with the risk of developing obesity have been identified, including genomic, microbiomic, and epigenomic factors. Here, using a sample of 48 infants, we investigated how the methylation profiles in cord blood and placenta at birth were associated with weight outcomes (specifically, conditional weight gain, body mass index, and weight-for-length ratio) at age six months...

AIM: Different clinical practice guidelines include recommendations on how to prevent and repair obstetric perineal trauma, as well as the use of episiotomy. To evaluate the variability in midwives' professional practices for preventing and repairing perineal trauma, as well as the professional factors that may be associated with the restrictive use of episiotomy. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. METHODS: Three hundred five midwives completed an anonymous questionnaire developed by the authors and distributed across various midwifery scientific societies...

BACKGROUND: Both the mother and the infant are negatively impacted by macrosomia. Macrosomia is three times as common in hyperglycemic mothers as in normal mothers. This study sought to determine why hyperglycemic mothers experienced higher macrosomia. Methods: Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was used to detect the placental structure of normal mother(NN), mothers who gave birth to macrosomia(NM), and mothers who gave birth to macrosomia and had hyperglycemia (DM). The gene expressions of different groups were detected by RNA-seq...

BACKGROUND: Women with a history of serious psychotic disorders are at increased risk of disease relapse during pregnancy. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics have been widely used to improve adherence and prevent relapse in patients with various severe psychotic disorders, but there is a lack of high-quality data from previous research on the safety of LAI antipsychotics during pregnancy. AIM: To summarize relevant data on maternal, pregnancy, neonatal, and developmental outcomes from published cases of LAI antipsychotic use in pregnancy...

Background and aim Oral iron therapy is effective in treating iron deficiency anemia in outpatient pregnant women but has not been studied in inpatient pregnant women. We aimed to evaluate the effect of oral iron therapy versus no therapy during hospitalization on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with anemia who are hospitalized for pregnancy-related morbidities (i.e., preterm premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, abnormal placentation, or fetal monitoring). Methods A retrospective, single-center study was conducted in hospitalized pregnant women (2018 to 2020) with inpatient stays of more than three days...

Objectives To identify how readily accessible dental care is to a sample of pregnant women in King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Jeddah, and to determine any potential obstacles to receiving dental care while pregnant. Methodology Female patients visiting antenatal clinics in KAMC in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia were the target group for this cross-sectional study. The age range was limited to childbearing age (18-48 years old). Both pregnant and non-pregnant women were established in obstetrics and gynecology clinics...

BACKGROUND: Prenatal exercise improves birth outcomes, but research into exercise dose-response effects is limited. METHODS: This study is a retrospective, secondary analysis of pooled data from three blinded, prospective, randomized controlled trials. Prenatal exercise frequency, intensity, type, time, and volume (FITT-V) were assessed in supervised sessions throughout pregnancy. Gestational age (GA), neonatal resting heart rate (rHR), morphometrics (body circumferences, weight-to-length and ponderal index) Apgar and reflex scores, and placental measures were obtained at birth...

BACKGROUND: Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) combines all three forms of anthropometric failures to assess undernutrition status of children. There is no study on CIAF to identify the real and severe form of under nutrition among Ethiopian children that addressed community level factors. So, this study determined CIAF and identified important factors which helps to design appropriate intervention strategies by using multi-level advanced statistical model. METHODS: The study included 5,530 under five children and utilized a secondary data (EMDHS 2019) which was collected through community-based and cross-sectionally from March 21 to June 28, 2019...

Previous studies investigating the relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary ovarian failure (POF) generated conflicting results. To data, no mendelian randomization study has been applied to examine this association. In this study, genetic instruments for exposure (SLE) were selected from a GWAS study with 5201 cases and 9066 noncases. Outcome data for POF and three reproductive traits (age at menarche, age at menopause, and age at first live birth) were obtained from other eligible GWASs...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential association between prenatal opioid exposure and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in children. DESIGN: Nationwide birth cohort study. SETTING: From 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2020, birth cohort data of pregnant women in South Korea linked to their liveborn infants from the National Health Insurance Service of South Korea were collected. PARTICIPANTS: All 3 251 594 infants (paired mothers, n=2 369 322; age 32...

PURPOSE: Individuals with gender dysphoria (GD) may request hormone therapy and various surgical operations to change their physical characteristics. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two treatments, mastectomy and gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), on adults with GD who were assigned female at birth (GD AFAB). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we gathered data from a total of 269 individuals in three groups: (a) untreated group (n = 121), (b) GAHT group (n = 84) who had been receiving treatment for at least 6 months, and (c) GAHT-MAST group (n = 64) who had been using GAHT for at least 6 months and had undergone mastectomy at least 3 months prior...

PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of RV dysfunction evaluated by Free-angle M-mode (FAM) TAPSE Z-score on retrograde ductus arteriosus flow (RDAF) in fetuses with Ebstein anomaly (EA). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 30 EA and 60 normal fetuses were enrolled. The EA group was divided into two groups: with RDAF (EA-RDAF group) and without RDAF (EA-NRDAF group). FAM was used to measure TAPSE of EA and normal fetuses, and Z-scores were calculated. The differences of FAM-TAPSE Z-score, gestational week (GW), maternal age (MA), and mitral valve-tricuspid valve distance (MTD) between three groups were compared...

Background Sepsis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis may be difficult because the clinical presentations are often nonspecific. Neonatal sepsis may have an early onset (zero to three days) or a late onset (four days or later). Onset is most rapid in premature neonates. In this study, we aimed to assess the correlation between positive cultures, high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Methodology This descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study was undertaken over four months starting from December 15, 2019, to April 15, 2020, in Atbara Teaching Hospital, Sudan...

OBJECTIVE: We report the prevalence, characteristics and clinical outcomes of women with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnancy in the Western Sydney Local Health District (WSLHD) serving a large culturally and socio-economically diverse community in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, over the last 10 years. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of all pregnant women booked for antenatal care at three hospitals in WSLHD between September 2012 and August 2022 inclusive...

BACKGROUND: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are prevalent birth defects. Although pathogenic CAKUT genes are known, they are insufficient to reveal the causes for all patients. Our previous studies indicated GEN1 as a pathogenic gene of CAKUT in mice, and this study further investigated the correlation between GEN1 and human CAKUT. METHODS: In this study, DNA from 910 individuals with CAKUT was collected; 26 GEN1 rare variants were identified, and two GEN1 (missense) variants in a non-CAKUT group were found...

In the last decade, the Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) process has yielded interesting clues about the evolution of biodiversity through time. To facilitate such studies, we extend our method to compute the probability density of phylogenetic trees of extant and extinct taxa in which the only temporal information is provided by the fossil ages (i.e. without the divergence times) in order to deal with the piecewise constant FBD process, known as the "skyline FBD", which allows rates to change between pre-defined time intervals, as well as modelling extinction events at the bounds of these intervals...

BACKGROUND: Fertility is a crucial component of population maintenance and growth. A declining fertility trend has been observed over the past two decades, and it continues. The birth rate in the Republic of Croatia is continuously decreasing, which is insufficient to maintain its population. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to examine the level of fertility knowledge, factors influencing fertility knowledge, and the relationship between fertility knowledge and the decision to have a child...