small intestine fluid accumulation

Several secondary metabolites have been isolated from Zornia brasiliensis (Leguminosae), mainly flavonoids. These compounds are known for many pharmacological actions, such as antispasmodic and antidiarrheal. Therefore, we evaluated the antidiarrheal effect of the ethanolic extract obtained from Zornia brasiliensis aerial parts (ZB-EtOHAP ), as well as its underlying mechanisms. Castor-oil-induced diarrhea, fluid accumulation, and intestinal transit (normal and castor oil induced) were performed to assess the antidiarrheal, antisecretory, and antipropulsive activities of the extract...

Aim: Iridoid glycosides (IG) as the major active fraction of Syringa oblata Lindl. has a proven anti-inflammatory effect for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, its current commercial formulations are hampered by low bioavailability and unable to reach inflamed colon. To overcome the limitation, dual functional IG-loaded nanoparticles (DFNPs) were prepared to increase the residence time of IG in colon. The protective mechanism of DFNPs on DSS-induced colonic injury was evaluated in rats...

Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ) is an idiopathic and potentially fatal disease of horses characterized by abdominal pain, proximal intestinal inflammation, and subsequent gastric and small intestinal fluid accumulation. Although this disease is known to be costly and life threatening in the equine industry, the severity of clinical signs can vary widely, and an exact etiology has yet to be elucidated. This study looked to identify differences in clinical parameters of horses with DPJ between geographic regions in an effort to corroborate anecdotal reports and support theories of differing etiologies...

Objective: The present study was aimed to study anti-diarrhoeal activity of a polyherbal formulation (PHF) in rats and elucidate its mechanism of action. Materials and Methods: Anti-diarrhoeal activity of PHF was investigated using castor oil-induced diarrhoea, small intestinal transit and enteropooling models in rats. PHF was tested at 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg rat body weight. Loperamide was used as a reference control for in vivo studies. Anti-secretory action was evaluated against heat labile enterotoxin (from Escherichia coli ) induced secretion in rat ileal loop model...

BACKGROUND: There is a steadily increasing quantity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) produced for numerous industrial, medicinal and private purposes, leading to an increased risk of inhalation exposure for both professionals and consumers. Particle inhalation can result in inflammatory and allergic responses, and there are concerns about other negative health effects from either acute or chronic low-dose exposure. RESULTS: To study the fate of inhaled AgNP, healthy adult rats were exposed to 1½-hour intra-tracheal inhalations of pristine 105 Ag-radiolabeled, 20 nm AgNP aerosols (with mean doses across all rats of each exposure group of deposited NP-mass and NP-number being 13...

Alterations in the maternal environment may impact on the fetal development. The objective of this study was to investigate the gastrointestinal consequences of maternal hypothyroidism for the male offspring from Wistar rats. The pregnant rats were divided into three groups: control (C - received water), experimental 1 [E1 - received methimazole (MMI) solution] during gestation and lactation, and experimental 2 (E2 - received MMI solution) during gestation. Maternal parameters evaluated: free T3 and T4, bodyweight variation, and water/food intake...

Modeling host-pathogen interactions with human intestinal epithelia using enteroid monolayers on permeable supports (such as Transwells) represents an alternative to animal studies or use of colon cancer-derived cell lines. However, the static monolayer model does not expose epithelial cells to mechanical forces normally present in the intestine, including luminal flow and serosal blood flow (shear force) or peristaltic forces. To determine the contribution of mechanical forces in the functional response of human small intestine to a virulence factor of a pathogenic intestinal bacteria, human jejunal enteroids were cultured as monolayers in microengineered fluidic-based Organ-Chips (Intestine-Chips), exposed to enterotoxigenic E...

Clostridium perfringens strains B and C cause fatal intestinal diseases in animals. The secreted pore-forming toxin delta-toxin is one of the virulence factors of the strains, but the mechanism of intestinal pathogenesis is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of delta-toxin on the mouse ileal loop. Delta-toxin caused fluid accumulation and intestinal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran in the mouse ileal loop in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with delta-toxin induced significant histological damage and shortening of villi...

Vibrio cholerae causes fatal diarrheal disease cholera in humans due to consumption of contaminated water and food. To instigate the disease, the bacterium must evade the host intestinal innate immune system; penetrate the mucus layer of the small intestine, adhere and multiply on the surface of microvilli and produce toxin(s) through the action of virulence associated genes. V. cholerae O1 that has caused a major cholera outbreak in Haiti contained several unique genetic signatures. These novel traits are used to differentiate them from the canonical El Tor strains...

Background: Cholera toxin (CT)-induced diarrhea is mediated by cAMP-mediated active Cl - secretion via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Although the constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) in response to CT is due to ADP-ribosylation of Gsα activating CFTR with consequent secretory diarrhea, the AC isoform(s) involved remain unknown. Methods: We generated intestine epithelial cell-specific adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6) knockout mice to study its role in cholera toxin-induced diarrhea...

Amyloidosis is a syndrome involving amyloid protein deposition in various organs, resulting in organ dysfunction. Symptoms of gastrointestinal amyloidosis are usually nonspecific, such as diarrhea and body weight loss. We, here, report a patient who presented to the hospital with simultaneous hematemesis, melena, and intestinal pseudo-obstruction, leading to a diagnosis of primary gastrointestinal amyloidosis based on computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic findings. CT showed diffuse wall thickening from the duodenum to the jejunum, jejunal dilation, and fluid accumulation throughout the gastrointestinal tract...

BACKGROUND: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a commonly diagnosed disease in the emergency department (ED). Recent literature has evaluated the ED investigation and management of SBO. OBJECTIVE: This review evaluates the ED investigation and management of adult SBO based on the current literature. DISCUSSION: SBO is most commonly due to occlusion of the small intestine, resulting in fluid and gas accumulation. This may progress to mucosal ischemia, necrosis, and perforation...

Diarrhea is a major health problem throughout the world and it has become more problematic in developing countries like Ethiopia. People, in several parts of the world, use different traditional medicines for treating diarrhea and it has been reported that the roots, leaves, and flowers of various species are used for the same purpose. In Ethiopia, for instance, Discopodium Penninervum is used for the treatment of diarrhea and also to control infection. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to evaluate the in vivo antidiarrheal and in vitro antimicrobial effect of Discopodium Penninervum in mice...

BACKGROUND: Emphysematous pyometra is a rare canine disease characterized by gas-forming bacteria infecting the uterus and causing an accumulation of both gas and infectious exudate in the uterine lumen. While radiological features of emphysematous pyometra have been previously described in dogs, the ultrasonographic appearance has not been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A 7-year-old intact female Labrador Retriever was presented because of a 1 day history of vomiting, anorexia, mild polyuria/polydipsia and signs of fatigue...

Background Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae) has been used in traditional medicine against various ailments, including diarrhoea. This study was conducted to scientifically evaluate the antidiarrheal effects of S. guineense extract and fractions. Methods An ethanol extract of S. guineense leaves was prepared and tested for its effect on small intestinal propulsion in mice and castor oil-induced fluid accumulation in rats. The extract was also evaluated for its effect on itopride-induced small intestine propulsion in mice...

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the protective role of Wnt/β-Catenin pathway agonist SKL2001 in Caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: AR42J cells and rats were divided into Control, Caerulein, SKL2001 + Caerulein and SKL2001 + Control groups respectively. Cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe pathological changes of pancreas and small intestinal tissues. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while Wnt/β-Catenin pathway-related genes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)...

BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), is an important diagnostic and therapeutic target in prostate cancer. PSMA/GCPII is also expressed in many healthy tissues, but its function has only been established in the brain and small intestine. Several research groups have attempted to produce PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice to study the physiological role of PSMA/GCPII in detail. The outcomes of these studies differ dramatically, ranging from embryonic lethality to production of viable PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice without any obvious phenotype...

Mitracarpus villosus (S.W) DC is used as treatment for diarrhoea and dysentery in some communities of West Africa. This study aimed to investigate the antidiarrhoeal effects of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Mitracarpus villosus in mice to substantiate its use as an antidiarrhoeal preparation in traditional medicine. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was assessed in mice. The effect of the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) on diarrhoea was evaluated against castor oil- induced diarrhoea...

Bryophyllum pinnatum belongs to the family Crassulaceae and it is commonly used in the ethnomedical practices. This study investigated the antidiarrheal and antioxidant properties of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf harvested from South-Eastern Nigeria in mice. Cold maceration method in 80% methanol was adopted in the extract preparation. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant property while castor oil-induced diarrhea, small intestinal transit, and enteropooling models were used for the antidiarrheal investigation...

Radiological imaging plays an essential role in the evaluation of a patient with suspected small bowel obstruction (SBO). In a few studies, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has been utilized as a primary imaging modality in patients with suspected SBO. POCUS has been shown to be an accurate tool in the diagnosis of SBO with multiple research studies noting a consistent high sensitivity with a range of 94-100% and specificity of 81-100%. Specific sonographic findings that increase the likelihood of SBO include dilatation of small bowel loops > 25 mm, altered intestinal peristalsis, increased thickness of the bowel wall, and intraperitoneal fluid accumulation...