Hashimoto encephalopathy

INTRODUCTION: Autoimmune encephalopathy (AE) is an increasingly recognized cause of cognitive impairment. This study investigates the use of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) to characterize treatment response of AE cognitive symptoms in ambulatory clinical practice. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of 29 consecutive patients treated for AE at the University of Cincinnati Memory Disorders Clinic. All patients underwent RBANS before treatment and 4-5 weeks after treatment...

Various factors can lead to thyroiditis, including any acute inflammatory process, especially viral illness. While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to disorders of various systems, there is a lack of literature showing an association of coronavirus with the cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Several possible mechanisms for this outcome have been proposed; chief among them is molecular mimicry. Here, we are reporting a case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis incited by COVID-19 in a 34-year-old obese female who presented with anxiety, behavioral changes, and repeated head movements...

Mosaicism in Turner syndrome (TS) is a 20%-30% occurrence, with 45, X plus at least another cell line. The haploinsufficiency of the X chromosome is usually responsible for the higher risk of autoimmunity in TS, exhibiting mainly as thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes, etc. Though Hashimoto's thyroiditis is commonly seen in patients with TS, the concurrence of encephalopathy in these patients is significantly rare and has not been reported. We present a case of a young female with mosaic TS who presented with altered mental status...

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), also known as Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE), is a rare condition. HE is characterized by abnormal brain function associated with elevated titers of anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and/or anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies. We present a case of a 19-year-old female with rapidly progressing psychosis with mutism, catalepsy, echopraxia, and catatonia that developed over the course of three months. She was found to have high-level anti-thyroid antibodies raising suspicion of subclinical autoimmune thyroiditis and positive antinuclear antibodies...

The normal function of the nervous system is conditioned by the undisturbed function of the thyroid gland and its hormones. Comprehensive clinical manifestations, including neurological disorders in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, have long been understood and, in recent years, attention has been paid to neurological symptoms in euthyroid patients. Hashimoto encephalopathy is a controversial and poorly understood disease entity and the pathogenesis of the condition remains unclear. We still derive our understanding of this condition from case reports, but on the basis of these, a clear clinical picture of this entity can be proposed...

In recent years the neurobiological underpinnings of catatonia have been an emerging area of interest. Catatonia is frequently encountered in mood disorders, neurological disorders and systemic illnesses. Furthermore, the manifestation of catatonia in autoimmune disorders such as NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis and thyroiditis reinforces its neuropsychiatric nature. Irrespective of cause benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy remain the standard treatments for catatonia, although a proportion fail to respond to the same...

We herein report a 61-year-old woman who was genetically diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 whose symptoms were modified by anti-amino terminal of alpha-enolase (NAE) antibodies, known as a biomarker of Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE), and ultimately responded to immunotherapy. The relative titers of anti-NAE antibodies increased when her cerebellar ataxia showed acute deterioration and decreased after immunotherapy. This is the first report of cerebellar ataxia associated with genetic spinocerebellar ataxia with concomitant cerebellar type HE...

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE), also known as steroid responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), has a variety of clinical manifestations, with various neuropsychiatric characteristics, including tremors, transient aphasia, seizures, altered consciousness, myoclonus, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric manifestations. The hallmark presenting feature is a non-specific encephalopathy characterized by alteration of mental status and consciousness ranging from confusion to coma and impaired cognitive function, while those with cerebellar ataxia as the main manifestation is rare...

Autoimmune encephalitis is caused by immunological reactions showing unconsciousness, agitation, and other neurological symptoms. Autoimmune diseases can be related to autoantibodies, causing encephalitis. These autoantibody-related encephalitides could appear in various clinical courses. As laboratory tests for detecting these antibodies are limited, diagnosis is difficult. Hashimoto's encephalopathy is autoimmune encephalitis caused by antibodies against the thyroid gland. This time, we experienced a case of a 69-year-old man with a chief complaint of subacute progression of amnesia and suspected autoimmune encephalitis, who was finally diagnosed with Hashimoto's encephalopathy in a rural community hospital...

Background: Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is the most common autoimmune disease, affecting 3-5% patients worldwide. In recent years, approximately 200 articles on AIT have been published annually in various journals. However, to date, no article has systematically assessed the related literature. Therefore, we conducted a bibliometric analysis on AIT to reveal the dynamic scientific developments and help researchers gain a global perspective while exploring the hotspots and development trends...

An 88-year-old male patient on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) therapy experienced gradual losses in appetite and liveliness during the course of 1 month. Physical examinations revealed no abnormalities. However, blood testing indicated non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) typically observed in patients with severe illness, with serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine of 0.17 μIU/mL, < 1.0 pg/mL, and 0.23 ng/dL, respectively. Brain magnetic resonance imaging to exclude the possibility of central hypothyroidism unexpectedly displayed slight abnormalities inside of the thalami that were characteristic of Wernicke's encephalopathy...

Introduction: This case report is the fourth of its type in the medical literature. It describes total thyroidectomy for recurrent relapses of Graves encephalopathy (GE) despite medical treatment. Case presentation: A 33-year-old male presented with impaired consciousness and convulsions. He had post-thyroid surgery recurrent Graves' disease with a goitre. Based on this fact, high thyroid antibodies titres and the exclusion of other causes of such neurological manifestations, he was diagnosed to have GE...

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is a nebulous entity over which much controversy exists. Often referred to as steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), it describes a myriad of neurological sequelae that typically are observed to occur in patients with the presence of thyroid antibodies. We aim to raise clinical awareness of this seldom diagnosed entity as a potential etiology for altered mental status in patients who present with supporting clinical features and elevated thyroid antibodies...

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE), also known as steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), is a rare autoimmune disease that remains poorly understood. Here, we report a patient who experienced numerous comatose relapses early in the disease course. Despite prolonged corticotherapy, cognitive deficits have persisted through the two-year post-diagnosis follow-up. This case highlights the protracted nature of HE.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is an uncommon syndrome with the characteristic triad of positive antithyroid antibodies (most commonly antibodies to thyroid peroxidase), response to steroids, and clinical picture presenting either as stroke-like pattern of focal neurological deficit or slowly progressive cognitive impairment. Myoclonus or tremors, seizures, and psychosis are other associated features which can be seen in HE. Herein, we report a girl with an uncommon presentation of orthostatic axial and myoclonic jerks in bilateral lower limbs in a case of HE...

OBJECTIVE: Retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage (RLVD) of a dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) is associated with neurological morbidity and unfavorable outcomes. However, the direct damage to cortical neurons by dAVF with RLVD has not been elucidated. 123I-iomazenil (123I-IMZ) SPECT can reveal cerebral blood flow and cortical neuronal damage in early and late images, respectively. This study aimed to assess the cerebral venous congestive encephalopathy caused by dAVF using 123I-IMZ SPECT...

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is an uncommon neuropsychiatric syndrome with varied clinical presentations. It presents as an encephalopathy without central nervous system infection or tumor. Mostly observed ones are seizures, cognitive impairment, movement disorders, altered sensorium, and behavioral and psychotic symptoms. Treatment with steroids and immunosuppressants has led to excellent remission rates. Here, we report a case of a 55-year-old male who presented predominantly with psychiatric symptoms and rapidly progressing dementia...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a rare clinical entity that is associated with encephalopathy with alteration of consciousness, presence of high levels of antithyroid antibodies, and exclusion of other suspected etiologies. METHODS: We describe a 60-year old lady who had been followed up for about 5 years for possible Alzheimer's disease plus Parkinson's disease and presented with akathisia overlapping a progressive encephalopathy compatible with the diagnosis of HE...

We report the case of a 69-year-old Japanese man who came to our hospital with a chief complaint of fever and cognitive decline for three weeks. There were no neurological abnormalities other than the decreased level of consciousness. He developed urinary retention after admission, so we performed a lumbar puncture, although his head and neck magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no abnormal findings. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed albuminocytologic dissociation and the anti-aquaporin 4 antibody was positive...

Autoimmune encephalitis is a group of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders that most commonly affect young adults and children. These disorders are closely associated with antibodies against neuronal cell-surface proteins, receptors, and ion channels; however, some forms of the disorder have no known antibody at this time. In children, neurological manifestations such as seizure, movement disorders, and focal neurological deficits are more prominent at initial presentation than psychiatric or behavioral symptoms...