HPV, Cervical Cancer, Gardasil

Vaccination programs with the current prophylactic HPV vaccines started in most countries around 2008 with introduction of the bivalent Cervarix HPV16/18 vaccine, rapidly followed by Gardasil (HPV6/11/16/18) and, finally, Gardasil 9 (HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58), from 2015. Many studies have now confirmed their ability to prevent infection with vaccine-covered HPV types, and the subsequent development of either genital warts and/or cervical neoplasia, although this is clearly more effective in younger women vaccinated prior to sexual debut...

A fully government-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program started in 2007 in Spain (only 11-14-year-old girls). The first of those vaccinated cohorts, with the quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil), turned 25 years old in 2018, the age at which cervical cancer screening begins in Spain. The current study could provide the first evidence about the effectiveness of the quadrivalent vaccine against HPV in Spain and the influence of age of vaccination. The present ambispective cohort study, which was conducted on 790 women aged 25 and 26 years old, compares the rate of HPV prevalence and cytologic anomaly according to the vaccination status...

Human papillomaviruses are major causative agents of multiple cancers including cervical, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. Almost all sexually active individuals are exposed to HPV in their lifetime and although not all HPV genotypes are capable of causing cancers, several high-risk subtypes widely circulate. Several HPV vaccines have been developed and successfully utilized to limit the spread of these viruses and reduce rates of associated cancers. Despite their success, HPV vaccination rates in the United States remain low...

This paper highlights the low levels of vaccine coverage and high levels of reported vaccination hesitancy in Yerevan, Armenia, that present profound challenges to the control of disease through routine vaccination programmes. We draw on investigations of hesitancy towards the introduction of new vaccines, using the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Gardasil as a case study, to interrogate underlying challenges to vaccine acceptance. We analyse primary data from the introduction of Gardasil, first used in Armenia in 2017, to investigate how levels of medical knowledge amongst physicians in 20 health facilities in Yerevan, Armenia, regarding vaccine science influence attitudes towards the introduction of a newly developed vaccine...

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent in the majority of anal, head and neck, oral, oropharyngeal, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and cervical cancers. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Of all diagnosed human malignant neoplasms, approximately 4.5% are attributable to HPV, including cervical, anal cancers, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. Over 182 HPV types have been identified and sequenced to date however, only certain types of HPV are more frequent in malignant lesions and considered to be a major risk factor in the development of some cancers...

BACKGROUND: A randomised trial designed to compare three and two doses of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in adolescent girls in India was converted to a cohort study after suspension of HPV vaccination in trials by the Indian Government. In this Article, the revised aim of the cohort study was to compare vaccine efficacy of single dose to that of three and two doses in protecting against persistent HPV 16 and 18 infection at 10 years post vaccination. METHODS: In the randomised trial, unmarried girls aged 10-18 years were recruited from nine centres across India and randomly assigned to either two doses or three doses of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (Gardasil [Merck Sharp & Dohme, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA]; 0·5 mL administered intramuscularly)...

Context: It has been more than 10 years since the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program was initiated in most advanced countries. Thus, it seems necessary to change the uterine cervical cancer screening strategy. Molecular-based tests are considered essential in this scenario. Objective: We aimed to review the distribution of the HPV genotypes after the introduction of the vaccination program with Cervarix® and Gardasil 4® in two autonomous communities in Spain, looking for possible changes in distribution and the occurrence of a herd effect...

Currently licensed vaccines require a cold-chain to maintain efficacy. This cold-chain requirement reduces the availability of vaccines in resource-poor areas of the world. Commercially available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines protect against the most common HPV types related to cervical cancer; however, their impact is limited in many regions due to cold-chain requirements. The goal of this study was to test the thermostability of an adjuvanted, trivalent HPV L1 capsomere-based vaccine (containing HPV types 16, 18, and 31) that was formulated by using lyophilization to embed the antigens within a solid, glassy matrix...

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is responsible for around one-quarter of all cancer deaths among Ghanaian women. Between 2013 and 2015, Ghana conducted a pilot of HPV vaccination among 10-14-year-old girls in four regions; however, the country has yet to introduce the vaccine nationally. This study projected the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of adding HPV vaccination into Ghana's national immunization program. METHODS: We used a proportional outcomes model (UNIVAC, version 1...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-known sexually transmitted disorder globally. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the 3rd most common cancer that causes cervical carcinoma, and globally it accounts for 275,000 deaths every year. The load of HPV-associated abrasions can be lessened through vaccination. At present, three forms of prophylactic vaccines, Cervarix, Gadrasil, and Gardasil 9, are commercially accessible but all these prophylactic vaccines have not the ability to manage and control developed abrasions or infections...

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancies cause almost all cases of cervical cancer in women, and a significant percentage of head and neck cancer, together totaling almost 5% of the global cancer burden, and representing an important public health issue. The approval and use of two prophylactic HPV vaccines, Gardasil® and Cervarix®, have significantly decreased infections with HPV, but unfortunately, prophylactic vaccination does not treat established infections or malignancies resulting from HPV...

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide causing a variety of benign and malignant conditions. A significant portion of the global population is infected with HPV, with the virus attributed to causing up to 5% of cancers worldwide. Bivalent, quadrivalent, and nine-valent vaccinations exist to aid in the prevention of these diseases and have been proven to be effective at preventing both benign and malignant disease. While vaccination is readily accessible in more developed countries, barriers exist to worldwide distribution and acceptance of vaccination...

Three prophylactic vaccines are approved to protect against HPV infections. These vaccines are highly immunogenic. The most recent HPV vaccine, Gardasil-9, protects against HPV types associated with ~90% of cervical cancer (worldwide). Thus, ~10% of HPV-associated cancers are not protected by Gardasil-9. Although this is not a large percentage overall, the HPV types associated with 10% of cervical cancer not protected by the current vaccine are significantly important, especially in HIV/AIDS patients who are infected with multiple HPV types...

As part of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination strategy in South Africa, it is essential to have information on HPV prevalence, and HPV types distribution among the unvaccinated population. Information on the prevalence of HPV and the distribution of HPV types in adolescents and young women in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province is minimal. Therefore, this study investigates the prevalence, distribution of HPV types, and factors associated with HPV infection amongst unvaccinated female learners. A sample composed of 213 sexually active female learners attending high schools in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa; median age 18 years, who provided self-collected vaginal specimens...

Different types of cancer including cervical (>90%), anal (~88%), vaginal (~40%), and penile (~40%) cancers are associated with human papillomaviruse (HPV) infections. Three prophylactic vaccines (Cervarix, Gardasil, and Gardasil-9) were approved to provide immuno-protection against certain types of HPVs. Currently, next-generation HPV vaccines such as L1/L2-based vaccines are being developed to provide broad-type HPV protection. In this study, we introduced a comprehensive framework for design of L1/L2 polyepitope-based HPV vaccine candidate...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for almost all of the 570,000 new cases of cervical cancer and approximately 311,000 deaths per year. HPV vaccination is an integral component of the World Health Organization's (WHO) global strategy to fight the disease. However, high vaccine prices enforced through patent protection are limiting vaccine expansion, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. By limiting market power, patent buyouts could reduce vaccine prices and raise HPV vaccination rates while keeping innovation incentives...

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer. In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) Director General announced his commitment to eliminate cervical cancer, with HPV vaccination as a priority. However, the costs of setting up a multi-dose HPV vaccination programme remain a barrier to its introduction. METHODS/DESIGN: We are conducting a randomised-controlled trial of reduced dose schedules of HPV vaccine in Tanzania to establish whether a single dose produces immune responses that will be effective in preventing cervical cancer...

OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer in women. The characteristics of HPV infection vary; therefore, it is necessary to identify the most common HPV genotypes among a group of subjects when introducing a vaccine program. Currently, in the Yanbian Autonomous Region, no HPV vaccinations are not provided, and no data has been reported regarding HPV rates or genotype prevalence. We aimed to find the most suitable HPV vaccine for this region and reasons why no vaccine has been introduced...

PURPOSE: Three human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are available against up to nine HPV types. In Sweden, from 2012, Gardasil was offered to 10-12 year old girls through the school-based vaccination program, and as catchup vaccination for women up to 26 years. To obtain a baseline, and follow HPV vaccination effects, during 2008-2018, cervical and oral HPV prevalence were followed at a youth clinic in Stockholm, and in 2013 for comparison oral HPV prevalence was examined in high-school youth in a middle-sized county in Sweden...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes not only most cervical cancers but also cancers of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, rectum, and oropharynx. Every year, 200,000 women die of cervical cancer in the world, and China accounts for about 10%. HPV vaccines are effective in preventing HPV infections thus HPV-related cancers worldwide. Studies on the clinical trials of the 2v Cervarix™ and the 4v Gardasil® have suggested that immunization with either of these vaccines provided some level of protection against other HPV types that are closely related to the types contained in the vaccines...