hormone root nodule

Rhizobia can infect legumes and induce the coordinated expression of symbiosis and defense genes for the establishment of mutualistic symbiosis. Numerous studies have elucidated the molecular interactions between rhizobia and host plants, which are associated with Nod factor, exopolysaccharide, and T3SS effector proteins. However, there have been relatively few reports about how the host plant recognizes the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of rhizobia to mediate symbiotic nodulation. In our previous work, a gene ( Mhopa22 ) encoding an OMP was identified in Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R, whose homologous genes are widely distributed in Rhizobiales ...

Water-soluble humic materials (WSHMs) can enhance the nodule numbers of soybean plants. In this study, targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to understand this mechanism. Results showed that 500 mg/L WSHM increased the adsorption and colonization of rhizobia in soybean roots. High-performance liquid chromatography and targeted metabolomics showed that WSHMs could regulate the content and distribution of endogenous hormones of soybean plants at the initial stage of soybean nodulation. Transcriptomic analysis showed a total of 2406 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by the 25th day, accounting for 4...

Plant specific SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) protein is a transcription factor involved in the formation and development of early lateral organs in plants. However, research on the SHI/STY protein family is not focused enough. In this article, we review recent studies on SHI/STY genes and explore the evolution and structure of SHI/STY. The biological functions of SHI/STYs are discussed in detail in this review, and the application of each biological function to modern agriculture is discussed. All SHI/STY proteins contain typical conserved RING-like zinc finger domain and IGGH domain...

Phytohormones play an essential role in enhancing plant tolerance by responding to abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, drought, high temperature, and light stress. Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid derivatives that occur naturally in plants and are defined as novel phytohormones that regulate plant metabolism, growth, and development. Strigolactone assists plants in the acquisition of defensive characteristics against drought stress by initiating physiological responses and mediating the interaction with soil microorganisms...

Nodulation Receptor Kinase (NORK) functions as a co-receptor of Nod factor receptors to mediate rhizobial symbiosis in legumes, but its direct phosphorylation substrates that positively mediate root nodulation remain to be fully identified. Here, we identified a GmNORK-Interacting Small Protein (GmNISP1) that functions as a phosphorylation target of GmNORK to promote soybean nodulation. GmNORKα directly interacted with and phosphorylated GmNISP1. Transcription of GmNISP1 was strongly induced after rhizobial infection in soybean roots and nodules...

BACKGROUND: Symbiotic associations between bacteria and leguminous plants lead to the formation of root nodules that fix nitrogen needed for sustainable agricultural systems. Symbiosis triggers extensive genome and transcriptome remodeling in the plant, yet an integrated understanding of the extent of chromatin changes and transcriptional networks that functionally regulate gene expression associated with symbiosis remains poorly understood. In particular, analyses of early temporal events driving this symbiosis have only captured correlative relationships between regulators and targets at mRNA level...

Halosulfuron-methyl (HSM) is a new and highly effective sulfonylurea herbicide widely used in weed control, but its residue in the environment poses a potential risk to soybean. Soybean-rhizobium symbiotic nitrogen fixation is crucial for sustainable agricultural development and ecological environment health. However, the impact of HSM on the symbiosis between soybean and rhizobium is unclear. In this study, the effects of HSM on the soybean-rhizobium symbiotic process and nitrogen fixation were investigated by means of transcriptomic and physiological analyses...

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is an important component in the nitrogen cycle and is a potential solution for sustainable agriculture. It is the result of the interactions between the plant host, mostly restricted to legume species, and the rhizobial symbiont. From the first encounter between the host and the symbiont to eventual successful nitrogen fixation, there are delicate processes involved, such as nodule organogenesis, rhizobial infection thread progression, differentiation of the bacteroid, deregulation of the host defense systems, and reallocation of resources...

Endophytic bacterial populations are well-positioned to provide benefits to their host plants such as nutrient acquisition and plant hormone level manipulation. Actinorhizal plants such as alders are well-known for their microbial symbioses that allow them to colonize harsh environments whether natural or anthropized. Although the nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium Frankia sp. is the main endophyte found in alder root nodules, other bacterial genera, whose roles remain poorly defined, inhabit this niche. In this study, we isolated a diverse panel of non-Frankia nodular endophytes (NFNE)...

Cadmium (Cd) is the most widely distributed heavy metal pollutant in soil and has significant negative effects on crop yields and human health. Rhizobia can enhance soybean growth in the presence of heavy metals, and the legume-rhizobia symbiosis has been used to promote heavy-metal phytoremediation, but much remains to be learned about the molecular networks that underlie these effects. Here, we demonstrated that soybean root growth was strongly suppressed after seven days of Cd exposure but that the presence of rhizobia largely eliminated this effect, even prior to nodule development...

Legumes can host nitrogen-fixing rhizobia inside root nodules. In model legumes, rhizobia enter via infection threads (ITs) and develop nodules where infection-zone contains a mixture of infected and uninfected cells. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) diversified from model legumes ~50-55 million years ago. Rhizobia enter through 'cracks' to form nodules in peanut roots where the cells of infection-zone are uniformly infected. Phylogenomic studies indicated symbiosis as a labile trait in peanut. These atypical features prompted us to investigate the molecular mechanism of peanut nodule development...

Glyphosate is the most widely used non-selective herbicide in the world. Glyphosate residues in soil can affect plant quality by modifying plant physiology, hormonal pathways and traits, with potential consequences for plants' interactions with herbivores. We explored these indirect effects in the context of plant-herbivore interactions in a perennial, nitrogen-fixing herb. We quantified leaf herbivory for glyphosate-exposed and control plants grown in phosphorus-fertilized and non-fertilized soils, and assessed the impacts of glyphosate treatment on traits related to plant resistance against herbivores (leaf trichome density, leaf mass per area) and performance (aboveground biomass, root:shoot ratio, nodule number, nodule activity)...

The TCP transcription factor gene family is highly conserved among the plant species. It plays a major role in the regulation of flower symmetry, cell division, and development of leaf, fibre, and nodule in the plants by controlling the synthesis of various plant hormones. Banana is a major staple crop in the world. However, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) infection is a major threat to banana production. The role of TCP gene family during the Foc infection is not explored till now. Herein, a total of 27 non-redundant TCP (MaTCP) gene sequences were retrieved from the banana genome and analysed for structural characteristics, phylogenetic correlation, subcellular, and chromosomal localizations...

We used light and confocal microscopy to visualize bacteria in leaf and bract cells of more than 30 species in 18 families of seed plants. Through histochemical analysis, we detected hormones (including ethylene and nitric oxide), superoxide, and nitrogenous chemicals (including nitric oxide and nitrate) around bacteria within plant cells. Bacteria were observed in epidermal cells, various filamentous and glandular trichomes, and other non-photosynthetic cells. Most notably, bacteria showing nitrate formation based on histochemical staining were present in glandular trichomes of some dicots (e...

In present study, five potential strains with different plant growth promotion (PGP) characteristics were used. By considering various PGP properties of different bacterial strains, several treatments based on various combinations were developed and studied on mungbean ( var. Co4). The quantification of the phytohormones was performed on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HESI-MS/MS). Indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) and Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) were quantified in positive ionization mode while Gibberellic acid (GA3 ) and salicylic acid (SA) were quantified in negative ionization mode...

Many legume plants form beneficial associations with rhizobial bacteria that are hosted in new plant root organs, nodules, in which atmospheric nitrogen is fixed. This association requires the precise coordination of two separate programs, infection in the epidermis and nodule organogenesis in the cortex. There is extensive literature indicating key roles for plant hormones during nodulation, but a detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal roles of plant hormones during the different stages of nodulation is required...

The legume species Astragalus sinicus (Chinese milk vetch [CMV]) has been widely cultivated for centuries in southern China as one of the most important green manures/cover crops for improving rice productivity and preventing soil degeneration. In this study, we generated the first chromosome-scale reference genome of CMV by combining PacBio and Illumina sequencing with high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) technology. The CMV genome was 595.52 Mb in length, with a contig N50 size of 1.50 Mb...

Plant-associated microbes have evolved the ability to independently produce gibberellin (GA) phytohormones as a mechanism to influence their host. Indeed, GA was first discovered as a metabolite from the fungal rice pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi, which uses it as a virulence factor. Though some bacterial plant pathogens similarly use GA to promote infection, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia), which inhabit the root nodules of legumes, also can produce GA, suggesting a role in symbiosis. The bacterial GA biosynthetic operon has been identified, but in rhizobia this typically no longer encodes the final metabolic gene (cyp115), so that these symbionts can only produce the penultimate intermediate GA9 ...

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a major oilseed crop and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical climate zone worldwide. Peanut belongs to the Papilionoid family with an atypical nodule developmental program. In particular, rhizobia enter through developmental cracks and lead to the formation of aeschynomenoid subtype determinate nodules. Peanut nodules are efficient nitrogen-fixers and form swollen bacteroid containing symbiosomes. The allotetraploid genome and recalcitrance to stable transformation used to be the major bottleneck for peanut biologists...

BACKGROUND: Strigolactones (SLs) are newly identified hormones and their biosynthesis is stimulated under phosphate deprivation and accomplished by the action of several enzymes, including the beta-carotene isomerase DWARF27 (D27). Expression of D27 is well renowned to respond to phosphate insufficiency. However, the identification and functional analysis of the carotenoid isomerase D27 genes are not elucidated in soybean. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of six D27 genes were identified in the soybean genome and designated on the basis of chromosomal localization...