Evidence-baded practice

ADHD in adults is commonly associated with severe impairments in many major life activities, and an adequate diagnosis is a first step towards treatment and support. Negative consequences follow both underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of adult ADHD, which can be confused with other psychiatric diagnoses and sometimes overlooked in people with high intellectual capacity, and in women in general. In a clinical practice, most physicians meet adults with ADHD - with or without a diagnosis - and therefore need competence in screening of ADHD in adults...

Shared decision making (SDM) is an important part of lung cancer screening (LCS) that includes discussing the risks and benefits of screening, potential outcomes, patient eligibility and willingness to participate, tobacco cessation, and tailoring a strategy to an individual patient. More than other cancer screening tests, eligibility for LCS is nuanced, incorporating the patient's age as well as tobacco use history and overall health status. Since comorbidities and multimorbidity (ie, 2 or more comorbidities) impact the risks and benefits of LCS, these topics are a fundamental part of decision-making...

RATIONALE: The benefits of clinical practice guideline (CPG) adoption for the management of patients with back pain are well documented. However, the gap between knowledge creation and implementation remains wide with few studies documenting the iterative process of comprehensive implementation in clinical settings. The objective of this study was to improve adherent physical therapy care according to CPG's for low back pain and describe the knowledge to action (K2A) process used in a rural healthcare organization...

Evaluative conditioning is one of the most widely studied procedures for establishing and changing attitudes. The surveillance task is a highly cited evaluative-conditioning paradigm and one that is claimed to generate attitudes without awareness. The potential for evaluative-conditioning effects to occur without awareness continues to fuel conceptual, theoretical, and applied developments. Yet few published studies have used this task, and most are characterized by small samples and small effect sizes. We conducted a high-powered ( N = 1,478 adult participants), preregistered close replication of the original surveillance-task study (Olson & Fazio, 2001)...

The qualified district nurse (DN) role demands high levels of leadership. Attracting the right candidates to apply for the Specialist Practice Qualification District Nursing (SPQDN) education programme is essential to ensure fitness to practice on qualification. Anecdotal evidence suggested that the traditional panel interview discouraged candidates from applying and a need to improve the quality of the overall interview process was identified by the authors. The University of Central Lancashire in partnership with Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust adopted the National Values Based Recruitment (VBR) Framework to select candidates to gain entry onto the SPQDN course...

The recent literature on reasoning biases in psychosis and delusions is reviewed. The state-of-the-art knowledge from systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the evidence for jumping to conclusions is briefly summarised, before a fuller discussion of the more recent empirical literature on belief flexibility as applied to delusions. The methodology and evidence in relation to studies of belief flexibility and the Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) across the delusional continuum will be critically appraised, and implications drawn for improving cognitive therapy...

Pain is a common problem among elite athletes and is frequently associated with sport injury. Both pain and injury interfere with the performance of elite athletes. There are currently no evidence-based or consensus-based guidelines for the management of pain in elite athletes. Typically, pain management consists of the provision of analgesics, rest and physical therapy. More appropriately, a treatment strategy should address all contributors to pain including underlying pathophysiology, biomechanical abnormalities and psychosocial issues, and should employ therapies providing optimal benefit and minimal harm...

Errors in blood pressure (BP) measurement are common in the clinical practice. Inaccurate measurements of BP may lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment of hypertension. The preferred method of BP measurement in the clinical setting is auscultation, using the first and the fifth Korotkoff sounds. However, the use of mercury sphygmomanometer is declining. Automated oscillometric devices are an acceptable alternative method of BP measurements if the proper cuff size is used. Aneroid devices are suitable, but they require frequent calibration...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Previous studies on rehabilitation following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) demonstrated limited efficacy in increasing long-term outcomes. More recently, several rehabilitation approaches have demonstrated greater efficacy for increasing long-term strength and functional performance outcomes following TKA. RECENT FINDINGS: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), applied to the surgical limb's quadriceps muscle for the first 6 weeks following surgery, has been shown to improve the speed of recovery from TKA and leads to long-term increases in strength and functional performance...

The role of hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease has been well-documented. Hypercholesterolemia is the most prevalent modifiable risk factor in Poland. Despite the fact that the benefits of cholesterol lowering have been known for a long time, the therapeutic goals recommended by guidelines are still often not attained in clinical practice. Only 3% of Poles with hypercholesterolemia achieve recommended cholesterol levels, and the rate of reaching recommended goals among patients receiving lipid-lowering drugs is low, approximately 30%...