Cytotoxic exposure

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are non-combustible, inhaled tobacco products that generate an aerosol with fewer and lower levels of toxicants, with a potential to reduce risk relative to cigarette smoking. Here, we assessed in vitro toxicological effects of three menthol (glo neo neoCLICK, neo Smooth Menthol and Fresh Menthol) and one non-menthol (neo Smooth Tobacco) variants of glo HTP, along with market comparators for cigarettes and HTPs. Limited chemical characterization of the study products revealed significantly lower levels of acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotanaldehyde and formaldehyde in test samples from HTPs than those from cigarettes...

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common kidney cancer with high mortality rate. Pazopanib has been approved for the treatment of RCC. However, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here, we report a novel finding by showing that treatment with Pazopanib could promote cellular senescence of the human RCC cell line ACHN. Cells were stimulated with 5, 10, and 20 μM Pazopanib, respectively. Cellular senescence was measured using senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining...

Being the green gold of the future, cyanobacteria have recently attracted considerable interest worldwide. This study investigates the adaptability and biocompatibility of the cyanobacterial strain Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 with human dermal cells, focusing on its potential application in biomedical contexts. First, we investigated the adaptability of Synechococcus PCC 7002 bacteria to human cell culture conditions. Next, we evaluated the biocompatibility of cyanobacteria with common dermal cells, like 3T3 fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes...

There is a pressing need for efficacious therapies in the field of respiratory diseases and infections. Lipid nanocarriers, administered through aerosols, represent a promising tool for maximizing therapeutic concentration in targeted cells and minimizing systemic exposure. However, this approach requires the application of efficient and safe nanomaterials. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endocannabinoid-like endogenous lipid, plays a crucial role in providing protective mechanisms during inflammation, making it an interesting material for preparing inhalable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)...

Hyssop ( Hyssopus officinalis L.) and oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.), traditionally used for their antimicrobial properties, can be considered viable candidates for nanotechnology applications, in particular for the phytosynthesis of metal nanoparticles. The present work aims to evaluate the potential application of hyssop and oregano for the phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, as well as to evaluate the biological activities of their extracts and obtained nanoparticles (antioxidant potential, as well as cell viability, inflammation level and cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts HFIB-G cell line studies)...

BACKGROUND: Antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) are innovative biopharmaceutics consisting of a monoclonal antibody, linkers, and cytotoxic payloads. Monitoring circulating payload concentrations has the potential to identify ADC toxicity; however, accurate quantification faces challenges, including low plasma concentrations, severe matrix effects, and the absence of stable isotope-labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) for payloads and their derivatives. Previous studies used structural analogs as internal standards, but different retention times between structural analogs and target analytes may hinder effective matrix correction...

Mycotoxins can inflict harmful effects on diverse organs, and mounting evidence indicates their potential involvement in human neurodegenerative diseases. Given the common occurrence of these toxins in food, there is an increasing demand for a comprehensive assessment of their combined toxicity to enhance our understanding of their potential hazards. This research investigates mycotoxin exposure from widely consumed cereal-based products, including enniatin B (ENNB), sterigmatocystin (STG), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), cyclopiazonic acid (CPZ), citrinin (CIT), and ochratoxin A (OTA)...

The cytotoxic mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) reportedly has adverse effects on oocyte maturation and embryonic development in pigs. Recently, the interplay between cell apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has garnered increasing attention in embryogenesis. However, the involvement of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathways of unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling in DON-induced apoptosis in porcine embryos remains unknown...

Halophenylacetamides (HPAcAms) have been identified as a new group of nitrogenous aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water, but the toxicity mechanisms associated with HPAcAms remain almost completely unknown. In this work, the cytotoxicity of HPAcAms in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells was evaluated, intracellular oxidative stress/damage levels were analyzed, their binding interactions with antioxidative enzyme were explored, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was established...

INTRODUCTION: Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a lethal disease with a bad overall survivability, partly arising from inadequate therapeutic alternatives, detection at a belated stage, and a resistance to common therapeutic approaches. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that depends on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron, causing excessive peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Therefore, the objective of this investigation is, whether ferroptosis can be induced in BTC in vitro and whether this induction is dependent on specific molecular markers...

BACKGROUND: Skin is regarded as an essential first line of defense against harmful pathogens and it hosts an ecosystem of microorganisms that create a widely diverse skin microbiome. In chronic wounds, alterations in the host-microbe interactions occur forming polymicrobial biofilms that hinder the process of wound healing. Ribavirin, an antiviral drug, possesses antimicrobial activity, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans , which are known as the main opportunistic pathogens in chronic wounds...

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of a novel compound, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4-HCA), with the help of a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and zebrafish embryotoxicity. Materials and methods In this in vitro study, MTT fibroblast assays using dental pulp stem cells, which were cultured in Modified Eagle's Medium or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, and zebrafish cytotoxicity and embryotoxicity were done to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the novel compound 4-HCA...

As an emerging atmospheric pollutant, airborne environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are formed during many combustion processes and pose various adverse health effects. In health-oriented air pollution control, it is vital to evaluate the health effects of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) from different emission sources. In this study, various types of combustion-derived PM2.5 were collected on filters in a partial-flow dilution tunnel sampling system from three typical emission sources: coal combustion, biomass burning, and automobile exhaust...

The evaluation of nanoparticles (NPs) cytotoxicity is crucial for advancing nanotechnology and assessing environmental pollution. However, existing methods for NPs cytotoxicity evaluation suffer from limited accuracy and inadequate information content. In the study, we developed a novel detection platform that enables the identification of cellular carbonyl metabolites at the organ level. The platform is integrated with a cell co-culture lung organ chip (LOC) and a micropillar concentrator. Notably, our work represents the successful measurement of the amounts of cellular metabolites on LOC system...

Riboflavin is a water-soluble yellowish vitamin and is controversial regarding its effect on tumour cells. Riboflavin is a powerful photosensitizer that upon exposure to radiation, undergoes an intersystem conversion with molecular oxygen, leading to the production of ROS. In the current study, we sought to ascertain the impact of irradiated riboflavin on C6 glioblastoma cells regarding proliferation, cell death, oxidative stress and migration. First, we compared the proliferative behaviour of cells following nonradiated and radiated riboflavin...

BACKGROUND: The metabolism of cancer cells generally differs from that of normal cells. Indeed, most cancer cells have a high rate of glycolysis, even at normal oxygen concentrations. These metabolic properties can potentially be exploited for therapeutic intervention. In this context, we have developed troglitazone derivatives to treat hormone-sensitive and triple-negative breast cancers, which currently lack therapeutic targets, have an aggressive phenotype, and often have a worse prognosis than other subtypes...

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and lethal types of cancer owing to its metastatic propensity and chemoresistance property. An alternative therapeutic option is Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapies (PDT/PTT), which employ near-infrared light to generate heat and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). As per previous reports, Melanin and its synthetic analogs (i.e., polydopamine nanoparticles) can induce near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated heat energy, thereby selectively targeting and ameliorating cancer cells...

We report two novel prodrug Pt(IV) complexes with bis-organosilane ligands in axial positions: cis -dichloro(diamine)- trans -[3-(triethoxysilyl)propylcarbamate]platinum(IV) (Pt(IV)-biSi-1) and cis -dichloro(diisopropylamine)- trans -[3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl carbamate]platinum(IV) (Pt(IV)-biSi-2). Pt(IV)-biSi-2 demonstrated enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells (HCT 116 and HT-29) compared with cisplatin and Pt(IV)-biSi-1. Notably, Pt(IV)-biSi-2 exhibited higher cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and lower toxicity on nontumorigenic intestinal cells (HIEC6)...

Common walkingstick ( Diapheromera femorata ) aqueous extract (CWSAE) can induce the synthesis of useful bionanomaterials. CWSAE is rich in water-soluble organic compounds such as proteins and polypeptides that function as reducing/stabilizing agents for nanoparticle formation from Ag+ ion precursors. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited a moderately uniform size, with the majority falling within the range of 20-80 nm. These AgNPs were UV-treated and tested as antibacterial agents to inhibit the growth of four pathogenic bacteria ( Burkholderia cenocepacia K-56, Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and Staphylococcus aureus USA300), as well as one common bacterium ( Escherichia coli BW25113)...

The study examined the potential of Silymarin, a blend of bioactive flavonolignans extracted from the milk thistle Silybum marianum, to mitigate Deltamethrin-induced toxicity in the blood of Cyprinus carpio . Fish were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.66 μg/L), the plant extract, or a combination of both for a duration of thirty days. Various parameters, including serum biochemical markers, erythrocytic abnormalities, and genotoxicity endpoints, were assessed. Results indicated a significant (p < 0...