Multiple methods research

p-Cresol is a protein-bound uremic retention solute that originates in the intestine through bacterial metabolism and accumulates throughout the body in case of kidney failure. To date, there has been no method to analyze unconjugated p-cresol concentration in the blood with a limit of detection lower than 75 pg. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of unconjugated p-cresol in plasma with a lower detection limit than what has been determined using previously described methods...

BACKGROUND: College students are at increased risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB) and sexual risk behaviors (SRB). Although students with a history of SITB appear to be more prone to SRB, the mechanisms linking these risk behaviors remain largely unexplored. Previous research points to emotional control (EC), defined as one's awareness and adaptability of emotions, as a potential mechanism explaining the relationship between SITB and SRB.1 METHODS: Data included 722 college students attending two different universities in the northeast and southeast regions of the United States...

Strabismus refers to the misalignment of the eyes and occurs in 2-4% of individuals. The low-resolution label "strabismus" covers a range of heterogeneous defects, which makes it challenging to unravel this condition. Consequently a coherent understanding of the causes is lacking. Here, we attempt to gain a better understanding of the underlying genetics by combining gene curation, diverse bioinformatic analyses (including gene ontology, pathway mapping, expression and network-based methods) and literature review...

Predicting the response, or sensitivity, of a clinical drug to a specific cancer type is an important research problem. By predicting the clinical drug response correctly, clinicians are able to understand patient-to-patient differences in drug sensitivity outcomes, which in turn results in lesser time spent and lower cost associated with identifying effective drug candidates. Although technological advances in high-throughput drug screening in cells led to the generation of a substantial amount of relevant data, the analysis of such data would be a challenging task...

Clerodane diterpenoids are the main bioactive constituents of Croton crassifolius and are proved to have multiple biological activities. However, quality control (QC) research on the constituents are rare. Thus, the major research purpose of the current study was to establish an efficient homogenate extraction (HGE) process combined with a sensitive and specific ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC⁻MS) technique together for the rapid extraction and determination of clerodane diterpenoids in C...

Background: Recent clinical guidelines for adults with neurological disabilities suggest the need to assess measures of static and dynamic balance using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) as core outcome measures. Given that the BBS measures both static and dynamic balance, it was unclear as to whether either of these instruments was superior in terms of its convergent and concurrent validity, and whether there was value in complementing the BBS with the DGI. Objective : The objective was to evaluate the concurrent and convergent validity of the BBS and DGI by comparing the performance of these two functional balance tests in people with multiple sclerosis (MS)...

As the world is striving to become more sustainable, water consumption is considered an important area of focus, especially in those regions with limited freshwater resources. To address this issue, the personal care industry has identified faster rinsability of hair care products as a way to contribute to water preservation efforts. To understand rinsability, analysis of colloidal systems and an investigation into concentration of whole products in water is critical. However, particle size and particle migration in colloidal systems require the use of specialized optical methods...

BACKGROUND: Cell counting from cell cultures is required in multiple biological and biomedical research applications. Especially, accurate brightfield-based cell counting methods are needed for cell growth analysis. With deep learning, cells can be detected with high accuracy, but manually annotated training data is required. We propose a method for cell detection that requires annotated training data for one cell line only, and generalizes to other, unseen cell lines. RESULTS: Training a deep learning model with one cell line only can provide accurate detections for similar unseen cell lines (domains)...

BACKGROUND: The noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has been successfully used in the clinical screening of fetal trisomy 13, 18, and 21 in the last few years and researches on detecting sub-chromosomal copy number variations (CNVs) and monogenic diseases are also in progress. To date, multiple tests are needed in order to complete a full set of fetus disorder screening, which is costly and time consuming. Therefore, an integrated 3-in-1 NIPT approach will be in great demand by routine clinical practice in the near future...

Supporting home and community gardening is a core activity of many community-based organizations (CBOs) that are leading the food justice movement in the U.S. Using mixed methods across multiple action-research studies with five food justice CBOs, this paper documents myriad layers of benefits that gardening yields. Our participatory methods included conducting extensive case studies with five CBOs over five years; quantifying food harvests with 33 gardeners in Laramie, Wyoming, and surveying them about other gardening outcomes (20 responded); and conducting feasibility studies for assessing health impacts of gardening with two of the five CBOs, both in Wyoming...

OBJECTIVE: To describe a direct observational approach (ie, interactive family board game) to measure family functioning and parenting behaviors of relevance to child weight and weight-related behaviors and to examine family functioning and parenting factors from multiple family dyads (eg, siblings, parent-child) and their associations with child weight and weight-related behaviors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, mixed-methods study. SETTING: Two home visits were conducted with families 10 days apart with a 7-day observational period between home visits...

BACKGROUND: 'Intersectional stigma' is a concept that has emerged to characterize the convergence of multiple stigmatized identities within a person or group, and to address their joint effects on health and wellbeing. While enquiry into the intersections of race, class, and gender serves as the historical and theoretical basis for intersectional stigma, there is little consensus on how best to characterize and analyze intersectional stigma, or on how to design interventions to address this complex phenomenon...

BACKGROUND: Participatory praxis is increasingly valued for the reliability, validity, and relevance of research results that it fosters. Participatory methods become an imperative in health-related stigma research, where the constitutive elements of stigma, healthcare settings, and research each operate on hierarchies that push those with less social power to the margins. DISCUSSION: Particularly for people who are stigmatized, participatory methods balance the scales of equity by restructuring power relationships...

BACKGROUND: Research suggests the need for improvement in the patient-centeredness and comprehensiveness of contraceptive counseling. My Birth Control is a tablet-based decision support tool designed to improve women's experience of contraceptive counseling and to help them select contraceptive methods that are consistent with their values and preferences. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of My Birth Control on contraceptive continuation, experience of contraceptive care, and decision quality...

OBJECTIVES: This paper outlines the use of psychodynamic psychotherapy as an adjunct to treatment as usual for addressing challenging behaviours in a patient with schizophrenia under the care of a community mental health team (CMHT) in South Australia. METHODS: Ms P suffered from schizophrenia and demonstrated challenging behaviours in the context of being administered depot medication under a community treatment order (CTO). Multiple attempts at addressing non-compliance and consistently disruptive behaviour through conventional methods had failed...

BACKGROUND: Bacteriuria, either asymptomatic (ASB) or symptomatic, urinary tract infection (UTI), is common in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Current Veterans Health Administration (VHA) guidelines recommend a screening urinalysis and urine culture for every veteran with SCI during annual evaluation, even when asymptomatic, which is contrary to other national guidelines. Our preliminary data suggest that a positive urine culture (even without signs or symptoms of infection) drives antibiotic use...

Spatial perception in virtual environments has been a topic of intense research. Arguably, the majority of this work has focused on distance perception. However, orientation perception is also an important factor. In this paper, we systematically investigate allocentric orientation judgments in both real and virtual contexts over the course of four experiments. A pattern of sinusoidal judgment errors known to exist in 2D perspective displays is found to persist in immersive virtual environments. This pattern also manifests itself in a real world setting using two differing judgment methods...

BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment is one of the strongest predictors of adulthood depression and alterations to circulating levels of inflammatory markers is one putative mechanism mediating risk or resilience.AimsTo determine the effects of childhood maltreatment on circulating levels of 41 inflammatory markers in healthy individuals and those with a major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis. METHOD: We investigated the association of childhood maltreatment with levels of 41 inflammatory markers in two groups, 164 patients with MDD and 301 controls, using multiplex electrochemiluminescence methods applied to blood serum...

This data file includes experimental details on how to make uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles using a green electrochemical method. It provides the raw data on the antibacterial activity of one of these formulations, and the full computational data and methodology used to generate that data, of several different magnetite clusters of specific spin multiplicities for 4, 5, 7 and 9 iron atom magnetite clusters. This data will assist other researchers wishing to replicate or expand on these results for the investigation and use of nanomagnetite for antibacterial applications...

In nearly all subfields of biomedical sciences, there are phenotypes that are currently classified by expert visual scoring. In research applications, these classifications require the experimenter to be blinded to the treatment group in order to avoid unintentional bias in scoring. Currently, many labs either use laborious and tedious methods to manually blind the images, require multiple experimenters to gather and score the data blindly or fail to properly blind the data altogether. In this protocol, we present a simple, freely available software that we created that allows the experimenter to blindly score images...