herbicide and grape

Reducing the use of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides in order to limit environmental pollution and health risks for agricultural operators and consumers is one of the goals of European regulations. In fact, the European Commission developed a package of measures (the European Green Deal) to promote the sustainable use of natural resources and strengthen the resilience of European agri-food systems. As a consequence, new plant protection products, such as biostimulants, have been proposed as alternatives to agrochemicals...

Sulfonylureas (SUs) are commonly used as herbicides. Many farmers and other professionals use SUs for cereal, strawberry, and grape crops. This study examines the possible association between exposure to SUs herbicides and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study presents three cases of unrelated agronomists who had used SUs for more than three decades and developed T2D. The objective was to investigate the association between occupational dermal and inhalation exposure to herbicides and T2D...

Weeds reduce vineyard productivity and affect grape quality by competing with grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) for water and nutrients. The increased banning of herbicides has prompted the evaluation of alternative soil management strategies. Cover cropping seems to be the best alternative for weed management. However, it may impact vine growth, grape yield, and quality. Quantitative studies on these changes are scarce. Our study aimed to investigate the combined effect of grass cover and water availability on vines of three cultivars, the white Chasselas and Petite Arvine and the red Pinot noir field-grown under identical climatic and pedological conditions and grafted onto the same rootstock...

Analytical methods based on QuEChERS and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were developed for the determination of 42 polar and semi-polar pesticides in three representative vegetable matrices, viz. corn, grapes and alfalfa. A 26-2 fractional factorial experimental design was used to cost-effectively optimize the extraction procedure. The optimal analytical approaches were validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, trueness, and precision. Most of the target pesticides showed a relative recovery of 70-120 %...

Vineyard growth and grape yield can be significantly reduced by weeds, especially when these are located in the under-vine zone. Traditional weed management consists of recurrent tillage, which is associated with soil erosion and high fuel consumption, or herbicide applications, associated with damage to the environment and human health. In order to find alternative weed management methods, three field trials were carried out in Raimat (Lleida, NE Spain) with the aim of evaluating the suppressive effect of four mulches against weeds...

Flumioxazin, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO; EC 1.3.3.4) inhibitor, has been used in soybean, cotton, grapes, and many other crops to control broad leaf weeds. Unfortunately, it can cause damage to cotton. To ameliorate phytotoxicity of flumioxazin to cotton, this work assessed the protective effects of diazabicyclo derivatives as potential safeners in cotton. A bioactivity assay proved that the phytotoxicity of flumioxazin on cotton was alleviated by some of the compounds. In particular, the activity of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) was significantly enhanced by Compound 32, which showed good safening activity against flumioxazin injury...

The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are biological control agents that are widespread in crop soils. However, traditional agricultural management practices such as cultivation and agrochemical usage can alter the soil balance that enables their occurrence and activity. Alternative strategies like mulching are commonly employed to prevent weed growth, enhance below-ground biodiversity by improving soil, organic matter content, fertility, and moisture. We hypothesized that organic mulches would favor biotic conditions for nematofauna development in crop soil, including EPNs, compared to herbicide application or tillage...

A QuEChERS method, followed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS was used for determining more than 400 pesticide residues in grape leaves collected from the Egyptian markets during the 2021 summer season. Seventy-eight samples contained 36 pesticide residues of different chemical groups above the EU-MRLs. Fungicides were the most frequently detected pesticides (59%), followed by insecticides (35%) and herbicides (5%).Hazard Quotients and Hazard Indexes were calculated where the results showed that both do not pose any health risk to consumers...

Weed control in vineyards demands regular interventions that currently consist of the use of machinery, such as plows and brush-cutters, and the application of herbicides. These methods have several drawbacks, including cost, chemical pollution, and the emission of greenhouse gases. The use of animals to weed vineyards, usually ovines, is an ancestral, environmentally friendly, and sustainable practice that was abandoned because of the scarcity and cost of shepherds, which were essential for preventing animals from damaging the vines and grapes...

This study aimed to characterize the effect of amending soils with biochars derived from soybean residues, sugarcane bagasse, and wood chips on the sorption-desorption of indaziflam and indaziflam-triazinediamine (FDAT), indaziflam-triazine-indanone (ITI), and indaziflam-carboxylic acid (ICA) metabolites applied to soils from three Midwestern U.S. states, a silt loam and a silty clay loam. Biochars produced from different feedstock were used as soil amendments and compared with raw feedstock. Sorption-desorption experiments of indaziflam and its three metabolites were performed using the batch equilibration method and analyzed for 14 C activity by liquid scintillation counting (radiometric technique)...

Clethodim is one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture and, after field application, is metabolised to several metabolites. The potential toxicological negative effects of these compounds are poorly understood. Thus, recently, within the risk assessment framework, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) proposed to include the minor metabolites in the definition of clethodim residue. In this work, an easy to use and reliable UHPLC method coupled with a triple quadrupole MS/MS was developed and validated for the detection and quantification of the herbicide clethodim and related metabolites clethodim sulphone, clethodim sulphoxide, metabolites M17R and M18R in apple, grape, olive and rice...

Considering that pesticides have been used in Europe for over 70 years, a system for monitoring pesticide residues in EU soils and their effects on soil health is long overdue. In an attempt to address this problem, we tested 340 EU agricultural topsoil samples for multiple pesticide residues. These samples originated from 4 representative EU case study sites (CSS), which covered 3 countries and four of the main EU crops: vegetable and orange production in Spain (S-V and S-O, respectively), grape production in Portugal (P-G), and potato production in the Netherlands (N-P)...

Atrazine is one of the most used herbicides in China. It is a persistent organic pollutant but has been widely used on Chinese farmlands for a long time. To assess its dietary and ecological risks to human and environment, in this study, atrazine residues were extracted with acetonitrile and then plant samples were detected with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and soil samples were determined with gas chromatography coupled with nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 0...

Enriching agroecosystems with non-crop vegetation is a popular strategy for conservation biocontrol. In vineyards, the effects of specific seeded or planted cover crops on natural enemies are well-studied, whereas conserving spontaneously developing weeds received less attention. We compared parasitoid communities between matched pairs of vineyard plots in northern Israel, differing in weed management practices: "herbicide", repeated herbicide applications vs. "ground cover", maintaining resident weeds and trimming them when needed...

Viticultural practices to control the undervine environment have relied on chemical herbicides. Herbicides usage has resulted in resistance by weeds, alterations in soil environments, as well as not meeting the needs of the organic market. Consequently, black and white weedmat was utilized to manage the undervine area over multiple vintages and its influence on the resultant wines examined. Apart from a difference in juice soluble solids, there was no impact on grape yield. In the 2017 vintage, black weedmat wines had the largest variation in aromatic profile when compared to control; additionally white weedmat was more closely related to the control...

This study describes a highly selective, sensitive and eco-friendly method for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicides (SUHs) in soya milk and grape juice samples. The SUHs can be extracted selectively and effectively by using molecularly imprinted multiple monolithic fibers (BNMIP/MMF) that undergo boron-nitrogen interactions with the SUHs. The sorbent can be fabricated by in-situ polymerization using triflusulfuron-methyl (TSM) as the template, and 1-vinyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate as the functional monomer...

Magnetic porous microspheres composed of Fe3 C, MnO and graphitic carbon (Fe3 C/MnO/GC) were prepared by a one-pot method. A polycondensate obtained from urea and formaldehyde served as the carbon source and was calcined in the presence of metallic iron and manganese to yield Fe3 C/MnO/GC. The resultant hybrid has highly mesoporous architecture, large specific surface, graphitic structure and adequate saturation magnetism. It is shown to possess excellent pre-concentration ability for herbicides (monuron, chlortoluron, atrazine and terbutylhylazine)...

Genome-editing has revolutionized biology. When coupled with a recently streamlined regulatory process by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the potential to generate transgene-free varieties, genome-editing provides a new avenue for crop improvement. For heterozygous, polyploid and vegetatively propagated crops such as cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum Group Tuberosum L., genome-editing presents tremendous opportunities for trait improvement. In potato, traits such as improved resistance to cold-induced sweetening, processing efficiency, herbicide tolerance, modified starch quality and self-incompatibility have been targeted utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN reagents in diploid and tetraploid clones...

At the global scale, vineyards are usually managed intensively to optimize wine production without considering possible negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) such as high soil erosion rates, degradation of soil fertility or contamination of groundwater. Winegrowers regulate competition for water and nutrients between the vines and inter-row vegetation by tilling, mulching and/or herbicide application. Strategies for more sustainable viticulture recommend maintaining vegetation cover in inter-rows, however, there is a lack of knowledge as to what extent this less intensive inter-row management affects biodiversity and associated ES...

The microbiome of a vineyard may play a critical role in fruit development, and consequently, may impact quality properties of grape and wine. Vineyard management approaches that have directly manipulated the microbiome of grape clusters have been studied, but little is known about how vineyard management practices that impact the soil microbial pool can influence this dynamic. We examined three under-vine soil management practices: 1) herbicide application, 2) soil cultivation (vegetation removal), and 3) natural vegetation (no vegetation removal) in a Riesling vineyard in New York over a three-year period...