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Consequences of Acetylcholine imbalance

https://read.qxmd.com/read/19165463/sleep-and-delirium-in-icu-patients-a-review-of-mechanisms-and-manifestations
#21
REVIEW
Milagros I Figueroa-Ramos, Carmen Mabel Arroyo-Novoa, Kathryn A Lee, Geraldine Padilla, Kathleen A Puntillo
Sleep deprivation and delirium are conditions commonly encountered in intensive care unit patients. Sleep in these patients is characterized by sleep fragmentation, an increase in light sleep, and a decrease of both slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. The most common types of delirium in this population are hypoactive and mixed-type. Knowledge about the mechanisms of sleep and delirium has evolved over time, but these phenomena are not yet well understood. What is known, however, is that different areas in the brainstem transmit information to the thalamus and cortex necessary for sleep-wake regulation...
May 2009: Intensive Care Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18772221/brain-cholinergic-impairment-in-liver-failure
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
María-Salud García-Ayllón, Omar Cauli, María-Ximena Silveyra, Regina Rodrigo, Asunción Candela, Antonio Compañ, Rodrigo Jover, Miguel Pérez-Mateo, Salvador Martínez, Vicente Felipo, Javier Sáez-Valero
The cholinergic system is involved in specific behavioural responses and cognitive processes. Here, we examined potential alterations in the brain levels of key cholinergic enzymes in cirrhotic patients and animal models with liver failure. An increase (~30%) in the activity of the acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is observed in the brain cortex from patients deceased from hepatic coma, while the activity of the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, remains unaffected...
November 2008: Brain
https://read.qxmd.com/read/17587508/rationale-for-diagnosing-deficiency-of-ches-and-for-applying-exogenous-huches-to-the-treatment-of-diseases
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Zheng-Xuan Shen
Recent evidence strongly demonstrates that acetylcholine (ACh) is not only involved in the function of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the parasympathetic and somatic systems, but also acts as a ubiquitous cell signaling molecule or cytotransmitter, and as a hormone with paracrine, juxtacrine and autocrine properties. This active molecule exerts versatile and potent functions primarily through its specific nicotinic and muscarinic receptors (nAChRs and mAChRs, respectively). These functions modulate numerous biomechanisms, including cell growth, survival, proliferation and differentiation, cell-cell contact, cell cycle, locomotion, electrical activity, immune function, apoptosis, organization of the cytoskeleton, trophic functions, secretion, adhesion, resorption, and stress-response-regulation...
2008: Medical Hypotheses
https://read.qxmd.com/read/17462670/mitochondria-metabolic-disturbances-oxidative-stress-and-the-kynurenine-system-with-focus-on-neurodegenerative-disorders
#24
REVIEW
Katalin Sas, Hermina Robotka, József Toldi, László Vécsei
The mitochondria have several important functions in the cell. A mitochondrial dysfunction causes an abatement in ATP production, oxidative damage and the induction of apoptosis, all of which are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders. This review focuses on mitochondrial dysfunctions and discusses their consequences and potential roles in the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative disorders. Other pathogenetic factors are also briefly surveyed. The second part of the review deals with the kynurenine metabolic pathway, its alterations and their potential association with cellular energy impairment in certain neurodegenerative diseases...
June 15, 2007: Journal of the Neurological Sciences
https://read.qxmd.com/read/16897051/-immunology-in-schizophrenic-disorders
#25
REVIEW
N Müller, M J Schwarz
This manuscript deals with whether immune-mediated mechanisms of inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. A model is presented which integrates psychoneuroimmunologic findings and actual results from pharmacological, neurochemical, and genetic studies in schizophrenia. A pivotal role in the neurobiology of schizophrenia is played by dopaminergic neurotransmission, which is modulated by influences of the glutamatergic system. The decreased function of the glutamate system described in schizophrenia seems primarily mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism...
March 2007: Der Nervenarzt
https://read.qxmd.com/read/16543501/endothelial-dysfunction-and-hypertension-in-rats-transduced-with-cyp4a2-adenovirus
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ji-Shi Wang, Harpreet Singh, Frank Zhang, Tsuneo Ishizuka, Huan Deng, Rowena Kemp, Michael S Wolin, Thomas H Hintze, Nader G Abraham, Alberto Nasjletti, Michal Laniado-Schwartzman
Vascular cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A enzymes catalyze the synthesis of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), an eicosanoid which participates in the regulation of vascular tone by sensitizing the smooth muscle cells to constrictor and myogenic stimuli. This study was undertaken to investigate the consequences of CYP4A overexpression on blood pressure and endothelial function in rats treated with adenoviral vectors carrying the CYP4A2 construct. Intravenous injection of Adv-CYP4A2 increased blood pressure (from 114+/-1 to 133+/-1 mm Hg, P<0...
April 14, 2006: Circulation Research
https://read.qxmd.com/read/15707619/cholinergic-serotonergic-imbalance-contributes-to-cognitive-and-behavioral-symptoms-in-alzheimer-s-disease
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
M Garcia-Alloza, F J Gil-Bea, M Diez-Ariza, C P L-H Chen, P T Francis, B Lasheras, M J Ramirez
Neuropsychiatric symptoms seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not simply a consequence of neurodegeneration, but probably result from differential neurotransmitter alterations, which some patients are more at risk of than others. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study is that an imbalance between the cholinergic and serotonergic systems is related to cognitive symptoms and psychological syndromes of dementia (BPSD) in patients with AD. Cholinergic and serotonergic functions were assessed in post-mortem frontal and temporal cortex from 22 AD patients who had been prospectively assessed with the Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE) for cognitive impairment and with the Present Behavioral Examination (PBE) for BPSD including aggressive behavior, overactivity, depression and psychosis...
2005: Neuropsychologia
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12204217/chronic-estrogen-deficiency-leads-to-molecular-aberrations-related-to-neurodegenerative-changes-in-follitropin-receptor-knockout-female-mice
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
J Tam, N Danilovich, K Nilsson, M R Sairam, D Maysinger
The follitropin receptor knockout (FORKO) mouse undergoes ovarian failure, thereby providing an animal model to investigate the consequences of the depletion of circulating estrogen in females. The estrogen deficiency causes marked defects in the female reproductive system, obesity, and skeletal abnormalities. In light of estrogen's known pleiotropic effects in the nervous system, our study examined the effects of genetically induced estrogen-testosterone imbalance on this system in female FORKO mice. Circulating concentrations of 17-beta-estradiol (E2) in FORKO mice are significantly decreased (FORKO -/-: 1...
2002: Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/10746287/-physiology-and-pathophysiology-of-erectile-dysfunction
#29
REVIEW
A Jungwirth
Erectile dysfunction is an entity associated with age but is not necessarily a consequence of aging. During erection the penis acts as a capacitor--accumulating blood under pressure. Erectile function is, therefore, dependent on the integration and regulation of functional interplay between psychologic, neurologic, endocrine and vasoactive factors. Any imbalance in the integration of these factors will result in erectile dysfunction. Trabecular smooth muscle is an important structure, which contributes to control of detumescence and erection...
2000: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
https://read.qxmd.com/read/10426483/cholinergic-systems-and-long-term-potentiation-in-memory-impaired-apolipoprotein-e-deficient-mice
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
P Krzywkowski, O Ghribi, J Gagné, C Chabot, S Kar, J Rochford, G Massicotte, J Poirier
Impairments in cholinergic neurotransmitter systems of the basal forebrain are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. The presence of the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E was recently implicated as a major risk factor in both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The present study examined the integrity of cholinergic and non-cholinergic systems in apolipoprotein E-deficient, memory-impaired mice. Choline acetyltransferase activity, hippocampal acetylcholine release, nicotinic and muscarinic (M1 and M2) receptor binding sites and acetylcholinesterase cell or terminal density showed no signs of alteration in either three-month or 9...
1999: Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/8281894/-stress-and-panic-immunologic-aspects
#31
REVIEW
A Galinowski
Stress induces an imbalance of neuroimmunomodulation, a phenomenon involving the immune, central nervous and endocrine systems. Receptors to substances involved in stress reactions and anxiety, like adrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine, endomorphines, ACTH and several neuropeptides, are present on lymphocytes and lymphocytes can secrete various hormones and neuropeptides. Peripheral and central, cortical and subcortical nervous structures influence immune response. Steroids play a dose dependent inhibitory role perhaps via GIF (Glucocorticoid Increasing Factor) and cytokines (IL 1)...
March 1993: L'Encéphale
https://read.qxmd.com/read/3048051/on-the-contribution-of-sleep-wake-physiology-to-the-explanation-and-the-treatment-of-depression
#32
REVIEW
R H Van den Hoofdakker, D G Beersma
Physiological exploration has disclosed profound disturbances in the regulation of sleep in depression. The finding that depression can be relieved or intensified by manipulation of sleep has inspired the investigation of the possible pathogenetic significance of these dysregulations. Three hypotheses play a leading role in this context: the "phase-advance", the "S-deficiency" and the "acetylcholine-monoamine imbalance" hypothesis. They explain the therapeutic effects of a variety of sleep wake manipulations as consequences of the normalization of depressogenic sleep regulation disturbances...
1988: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/2996642/dopamine-and-the-action-of-opiates-a-reevaluation-of-the-dopamine-hypothesis-of-schizophrenia-with-special-consideration-of-the-role-of-endogenous-opioids-in-the-pathogenesis-of-schizophrenia
#33
REVIEW
C Schmauss, H M Emrich
It is suggested that the antipsychotic efficacy of opioids in patients suffering from schizophrenia may result from an interaction of opioids with the dopaminergic system. The modulatory effect of opioids on dopaminergic functions has already been demonstrated in basic experiments: Anatomical and biochemical data reveal an interaction between opioid receptors and dopamine (DA) actions on dopaminergic nerve terminals, cell bodies, and afferent nerve endings. Endogenous enkephalin levels correlate well with the endogenous dopamine content in various brain areas...
November 1985: Biological Psychiatry
https://read.qxmd.com/read/2543821/regulation-of-phosphoinositide-turnover-in-endothelium-from-human-pulmonary-artery-aorta-and-umbilical-vein-antagonistic-action-on-the-beta-adrenoceptor-coupled-adenylate-cyclase-system
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
G Y Grigorian, T Y Mirzapoyazova, T J Resink, S M Danilov, V A Tkachuk
Ca2+-mobilizing receptor-induced inositol phospholipid hydrolysis has been studied in cultured endothelial cells (EC) from human aorta, pulmonary artery, and umbilical vein. It was shown that in EC the release of inositol phosphates can be stimulated by histamine, thrombin, serotonin, acetylcholine, carbachol, bradykinin, vasopressin, angiotensin II, platelet-activating factor (PAF), the thromboxane A2 mimetic, U46619, and prostaglandin E2. The most effective agonists were thrombin, histamine, and PAF, producing two- to five-fold increases in inositol phosphate level, and a 50-90% elevation of the level of inositol trisphosphate within 5 min...
February 1989: Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/887499/inhibitory-effect-of-dopamine-on-acetylcholine-release-from-caudate-nucleus
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
S E Vizi, A Rónai, L Hársing, J Knoll
It has been shown that dopamine inhibits the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from nerve terminals of caudate cholinergic interneurons, and the imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic system by 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment leads to an increased ACh release. The Parkinson-syndrome induced by drugs which depress dopaminergic function either by reducing the output of dopamine, such as reserpine, or by antagonizing its action on DA receptors, as for instance haloperidol or chlorpromazine, can be attributed to the augmented release of ACh from caudate cholinergic nerve terminals and a consequent increase of cholinergic outflow from caudate nucleus...
May 1977: Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy
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