Cognitive pitfall

In this article we investigate the societal implications of empathic artificial intelligence (AI), asking how its seemingly empathic expressions make people feel. We highlight AI's unique ability to simulate empathy without the same biases that afflict humans. While acknowledging serious pitfalls, we propose that AI expressions of empathy could improve human welfare.

BACKGROUND: The global population of older adults will double over the next three decades, and one in 10 will have dementia. OBJECTIVE: This article examines medicolegal pitfalls when assessing the decision-making capacity of cognitively impaired patients. DISCUSSION: Be aware of the pitfalls while completing the five steps of the assessment. Step 1, the request for a capacity assessment, alerts the clinician that this is more than an administrative form-filling task and that the consultation is not therapeutic...

INTRODUCTION: Progress testing in education is an assessment principle for the measurement of students' progress over time, e.g., from start to graduation. Progress testing offers valid longitudinal formative measurement of the growth in the cognitive skills of the individual students within the subjects of the test as well as a tool for educators to monitor potential educational gaps and mismatches within the curriculum in relation to the basic veterinary learning outcomes. METHODS: Six veterinary educational establishments in Denmark, Finland, Germany (Hannover), the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden established in cooperation with the European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE) a common veterinary item repository that can be used for progress testing in European Veterinary Education Establishments (VEEs), linear as well as computer adaptive, covering the EAEVE veterinary subjects and theoretical "Day One Competencies...

The birth of ChatGPT, a cutting-edge language model-based chatbot developed by OpenAI, ushered in a new era in AI. However, due to potential pitfalls, its role in rigorous scientific research is not clear yet. This paper vividly showcases its innovative application within the field of drug discovery. Focused specifically on developing anticocaine addiction drugs, the study employs GPT-4 as a virtual guide, offering strategic and methodological insights to researchers working on generative models for drug candidates...

Do animals have emotions? Scientists and philosophers have long struggled with this question, with debates ranging from whether animals experience an "internal world" to whether we are capable of studying it. Recently, theoretical, and methodological advances have rekindled this debate, yet, it is unclear where the scientific consensus on these topics lies today. To address this gap, we administered a survey of professional animal behavior researchers to assess perceptions regarding (1) the taxonomic distribution of emotions and consciousness in non-human animals, (2) respondents' confidence in this assessment, and (3) attitudes towards potential for progress and possible pitfalls when addressing these questions...

Success within performance sports is heavily dependent upon the quality of the decisions taken by educated and experienced staff. Multi-disciplinary teams (MDTs) typically collate voluminous data, and staff typically undergo extensive and rigorous technical and domain-specific training. Although sports professionals operate in sometimes volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous decision-making environments, a common assumption seems to be that education and experience will automatically lead to enhanced and effective decision-making capabilities...

Big data and machine learning tools have jointly empowered humans in making data-driven decisions. However, many of them capture empirical associations that might be spurious due to confounding factors and subgroup heterogeneity. The famous Simpson's paradox is such a phenomenon where aggregated and subgroup-level associations contradict with each other, causing cognitive confusions and difficulty in making adequate interpretations and decisions. Existing tools provide little insights for humans to locate, reason about, and prevent pitfalls of spurious association in practice...

Tauopathies are a group of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia, which involve progressive neurodegeneration, cognitive deficits, and aberrant tau protein accumulation. The development of tauopathies cannot currently be stopped or slowed down by treatment measures. Given the significant contribution of tau burden in primary tauopathies and the strong association between pathogenic tau accumulation and cognitive deficits, there has been a lot of interest in creating therapies that can alleviate tau pathology and render neuroprotective effects...

Explanations for human behaviour can be framed in many different ways, from the social-structural context to the individual motivation down to the neurobiological implementation. We know comparatively little about how people interpret these explanatory framings, and what they infer when one kind of explanation rather than another is made salient. In four experiments, UK general-population volunteers read vignettes describing the same behaviour, but providing explanations framed in different ways. In Study 1, we found that participants grouped explanations into 'biological', 'psychological' and 'sociocultural' clusters...

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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to highlight a clinical-anatomical approach to localizing neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of associated autoimmune disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Our understanding of autoimmune conditions has changed considerably over recent years, particularly with the emergence of novel autoantibodies. Cardinal neuro-ophthalmic signs and symptoms of antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders have been well characterized; knowledge thereof may be the first step towards an accurate diagnosis...

BACKGROUND: The safe and effective performance of a robotic roux-en-y gastric bypass (RRNY) requires the application of a complex body of knowledge and skills. This qualitative study aims to: (1) define the tasks, subtasks, decision points, and pitfalls in a RRNY; (2) create a framework upon which training and objective evaluation of a RRNY can be based. METHODS: Hierarchical and cognitive task analyses for a RRNY were performed using semi-structured interviews of expert bariatric surgeons to describe the thoughts and behaviors that exemplify optimal performance...

We received 23 spirited commentaries on our target article from across the disciplines of philosophy, economics, evolutionary genetics, molecular biology, criminology, epidemiology, and law. We organize our reply around three overarching questions: (1) What is a cause? (2) How are randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and within-family genome-wide association studies (GWASs) alike and unalike? (3) Is behavior genetics a qualitatively different enterprise? Throughout our discussion of these questions, we advocate for the idea that behavior genetics shares many of the same pitfalls and promises as environmentally oriented research, medical genetics, and other arenas of the social and behavioral sciences...

Madole & Harden argue that the Mendelian reshuffling of genes and genomes is analogous to randomised controlled trials. We are not convinced by their arguments. First, their recipe for meeting the demands on randomised experiments is inherently inconsistent. Second, disequilibrium across chromosomes conflicts with their assumption of statistical independence. Third, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) method has many pitfalls, including low repeatability.

People need to accurately understand and predict others' emotions in order to build and maintain meaningful social connections. However, when they encounter new social partners, people often do not have enough information about them to make accurate inferences. Rather, they often resort to an egocentric heuristic, and make predictions about a target by using their own self-knowledge as a proxy. Is this egocentric heuristic a form of cognitive bias, or is it a rational strategy for real-world social prediction? If egocentrism provides a rational and effective solution to the challenging task of social prediction in naturalistic contexts, we should expect that a) egocentric predictions tend to be more accurate, and b) people rely on self-knowledge to a greater extent when it's more likely to be a good proxy...

INTRODUCTION: Universities in non-Anglophone countries are increasingly implementing English as the medium of instruction (EMI) lectures. There seems to be an assumption that students' performance on standardized English examinations can be equated with the lexical knowledge needed to comprehend EMI lectures regardless of discipline. For unknown words students encounter, it is assumed that they can be picked up through listening to these lectures. This potential for students to acquire unknown words incidentally while listening to these lectures has yet to be fully explored...

Anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy is the most common epilepsy surgery, which, in cases of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy caused by mesial temporal sclerosis, usually leads to improvements in seizure control, cognitive function, and quality of life. Nevertheless, while the primary goal of intervention is achieved in a large majority of patients, a small number of them, unfortunately, encounter complications. Some morbidity is nonspecific and may be noted after any craniotomy (e.g., surgical site infections, meningitis, bone flap osteomyelitis, and operative site or craniotomy-related hematomas)...

OBJECTIVE: Over the last few decades clinicians have become aware that cognitive impairment might be a major cause of disability, loss of employment and poor quality of life in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis [MS].The impact of disease modifying therapies [DMTs] on cognition is still a matter of debate. Theoretically, DMTs could exert a substantial beneficial effect by means of reducing neuroinflammation and brain atrophy, which are established correlates of cognitive dysfunction...

Large Language Models are forms of artificial intelligence that use deep learning algorithms to decipher large amounts of text and exhibit strong capabilities like question answering and translation. Recently, an influx of Large Language Models has emerged in the medical and academic discussion, given their potential widespread application to improve patient care and provider workflow. One application that has gained notable recognition in the literature is ChatGPT, which is a natural language processing "chatbot" technology developed by the artificial intelligence development software company OpenAI...

BACKGROUND: Brain imaging with [18F]FDG-PET can support the diagnostic work-up of patients with α-synucleinopathies. Validated data analysis approaches are necessary to evaluate disease-specific brain metabolism patterns in neurodegenerative disorders. This study compared the univariate Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) single-subject procedure and the multivariate Scaled Subprofile Model/Principal Component Analysis (SSM/PCA) in a cohort of patients with α-synucleinopathies...