Neoneurogenesis

INTRODUCTION: The subventricular zone promotes remyelination through activation differentiation of oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) into mature oligodendrocytes and thus in the adult brain. In Multiple Sclerosis (MS) this regenerative capability in halted resulting in neurodegeneration. We aimed to systematically search and synthesize evidence on mechanisms and phenomena associated with SVZ dysfunction in MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our systematic review was reported according to the PRISMA-ScR statement...

The regulation of the immune environment within the tumor microenvironment has provided new opportunities for cancer treatment. However, an important microenvironment surrounding cancer that is often overlooked despite its significance in cancer progression is the neural environment surrounding the tumor. The release of neurotrophic factors from cancer cells is implicated in cancer growth and metastasis by facilitating the infiltration of nerve cells into the tumor microenvironment. This nerve-tumor interplay can elicit cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in response to neurotransmitters...

Melanoma is a highly malignant tumor originating from melanocytes. The 5-year survival rate of primary melanoma is 98%, whereas the survival rate of metastatic melanoma is only 10%, which can be attributed to the insensitivity to existing treatments. Fibroblasts are the primary cells in the dermis that promote melanoma metastasis; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the fibroblast-melanoma interaction is yet to be completely understood. Herein, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) was used to construct a co-culture model for melanoma cells (A375) and fibroblasts...

Angiogenesis, the generation of new blood vessels, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The growing tumor requires nutrients and oxygen. Recent evidence has shown that tumors release signals to attract new nerve fibers and stimulate the growth of new nerve fibers. Neurogenesis, neural extension, and axonogenesis assist in the migration of cancer cells. Cancer cells can use both blood vessels and nerve fibers as routes for cells to move along. In this way, neurogenesis and angiogenesis both contribute to cancer metastasis...

The role of the nervous system in cancer development and progression has been under experimental and clinical investigation since nineteenth-century observations in solid tumor anatomy and histology. For the first half of the twentieth century, methodological limitations and opaque mechanistic concepts resulted in ambiguous evidence of tumor innervation. Differential spatial distribution of viable or disintegrated nerve tissue colocalized with neoplastic tissue led investigators to conclude that solid tumors either are or are not innervated...

The transcription factor p73 is a structural and functional homolog of TP53, the most famous and frequently mutated tumor-suppressor gene. The TP73 gene can synthesize an overwhelming number of isoforms via splicing events in 5' and 3' ends and alternative promoter usage. Although it originally came into the spotlight due to the potential of several of these isoforms to mimic p53 functions, it is now clear that TP73 has its own unique identity as a master regulator of multifaceted processes in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and cancer...

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis is a common chronic degenerative disease of the TMJ. In order to explore its aetiology and pathological mechanism, many animal models and cell models have been constructed to simulate the pathological process of TMJ osteoarthritis. The main pathological features of TMJ osteoarthritis include chondrocyte death, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and subchondral bone remodelling. Chondrocyte apoptosis accelerates the destruction of cartilage. However, autophagy has a protective effect on condylar chondrocytes...

During development, as tissues expand and grow, they require circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous system expansion for proper function and support. Similarly, as tumors arise and develop, they also require the expansion of these systems to support them. While the contribution of blood and lymphatic systems to the development and progression of cancer is well known and is targeted with anticancer drugs, the contribution of the nervous system is less well studied and understood. Recent studies have shown that the interaction between neurons and a tumor are bilateral and promote metastasis on one hand, and the formation of new nerve structures (neoneurogenesis) on the other...

Surgery remains an essential therapeutic approach for most solid malignancies. Although for more than a century accumulating clinical and experimental data have indicated that surgical procedures themselves may promote the appearance and progression of recurrent and metastatic lesions, only in recent years has renewed interest been taken in the mechanism by which metastasizing of cancer occurs following operative procedures. It is well proven now that surgery constitutes a risk factor for the promotion of pre-existing, possibly dormant micrometastases and the acceleration of new metastases through several mechanisms, including the release of neuroendocrine and stress hormones and wound healing pathway-associated immunosuppression, neovascularization, and tissue remodeling...

Mechanisms governing tumor progression differ from those of initiation. One enigmatic prometastatic process is the recapitulation of pathways of neural plasticity in aggressive stages. Cancer and neuronal cells develop reciprocal interactions via mutual production and secretion of neuronal growth factors, neurothrophins and/or axon guidance molecules in the tumor microenvironment. Understanding cancer types where this process is active, as well as the drivers, markers and underlying mechanisms, has great significance for blocking tumor progression and improving patient survival...

Nerve tissue regeneration continues to represent an intractable obstacle to realizing the promise of tissue engineering. While neurobiology works to shed light on the mechanisms governing neuronal growth and repair, considerable technical gaps remain that hinder progress. Chief among these is the absence of an appropriate culture environment to faithfully reproduce the neuronal niche ex vivo. We propose that the various multipotent cells found in the oral cavity may represent an important, yet underutilized resource for preparing such neurogenic microenvironments...

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an essential role in the development and progression of neoplasms. TME consists of the extracellular matrix and numerous specialized cells interacting with cancer cells by paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. Tumor axonogenesis and neoneurogenesis constitute a developing area of investigation. Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignancies in men worldwide. During the past years, more and more studies have shown that mechanisms leading to the development of PC are not confined only to the epithelial cancer cell, but also involve the tumor stroma...

One of the challenges of cancer is its heterogeneity and rapid capacity to adapt. Notwithstanding significant progress in the last decades in genomics and precision medicine, new molecular targets and therapies appear highly necessary. One way to approach this complex problem is to consider cancer in the context of its cellular and molecular microenvironment, which includes nerves. The peripheral nerves, the topic of this review, modulate the biological behavior of the cancer cells and influence tumor progression, including the events related to the metastatic spread of the disease...

Cytokines, in addition to their participation in immune and inflammatory processes, play an important role in synaptic plasticity, neoneurogenesis, and cognitive functions. In our work, we aimed to clarify the role of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which is recognized as a multifunctional cytokine, in memory processes. Behavioral experiments were carried out in rats using step-through passive avoidance test. The results obtained showed that the learning of animals after treatment with SB431542, a selective inhibitor of TGF-β receptors, was impaired, which indicated a significant memory deterioration...

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic neural network of the gastrointestinal tract, which is essential for regulating gut functions and intestinal homeostasis. The importance of the ENS is underscored by the existence of severe gastrointestinal diseases, such as Hirschsprung's disease and intestinal pseudo-obstruction, which arise when the ENS fails to develop normally or becomes dysregulated. Moreover, it is known that enteric neurons are involved in intestinal inflammation. However, the role of the ENS in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis remains poorly understood, even though processes like perineural invasion and neoneurogenesis are important factors in CRC...

It is well-known that tumours induce the formation of a lymphatic and a blood vasculature around themselves. A similar but far less studied process occurs in relation to the nervous system and is referred to as neoneurogenesis. The relationship between tumour progression and the nervous system is still poorly understood and is likely to involve a multitude of factors. It is therefore relevant to study tumour-nerve interactions through mathematical modelling: this may reveal the most significant factors of the plethora of interacting elements regulating neoneurogenesis...

PURPOSE: High-grade prostate cancer (PC) displays parasympathetic neoneurogenesis. We investigated the binding of two PET tracers that visualize cholinergic nerves in PC tissue using autoradiography. METHODS: Prostatectomy tissue was subjected to autoradiography with (11)C-donepezil and (18)F-FEOBV and correlated with Gleason scores (GS). Regions of interest on the autoradiograms were defined and quantified. Tracer binding in cancer tissue regions was compared with that in normal tissue...

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Nerve fibers accompany blood and lymphatic vessels all over the body. An extensive amount of knowledge has been obtained with regard to tumor angiogenesis and tumor lymphangiogenesis, yet little is known about the potential biological effects of "neoneurogenesis". Cancer cells can exploit the advantage of the factors released by the nerve fibers to generate a positive microenvironment for cell survival and proliferation. At the same time, they can stimulate the formation of neurites by secreting neurotrophic factors and axon guidance molecules...

Effect of administration of selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist Ro 25-6981 on learning and memory in a dose which is known to stimulate neoneurogenesis was assessed in adult rats with different abilities to formation of spatial skills in different time periods after the antagonist injection. Wistar male rats were trained to find hidden platform in the Morris water maze for 5 consecutive days. Rats' learning ability for spatial skill formation was evaluated depending on platform speed achievements...