Diabetic retinopathy metformin

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious and alarming disease attracting widespread attention. It is not a single metabolic disease; over time, it leads to serious disorders, namely, diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and several cardiovascular, hepatocellular complications. The increase in T2DM cases in recent times has attracted significant attention. Currently, the medications available have side effects, and injectables are painful, causing trauma to the patients. Therefore, it is imperative to come up with oral delivery...

Pharmacological responses vary by sex in several illnesses. This narrative review summarizes sex variations in pharmaceutical response in SARS-CoV-2 infection, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is more severe and deadly in men than women. This may be attributed to immunological responses, genetics, and hormones. Some research shows that men may respond better to genomic vaccinations and females to antiviral medications such as remdesivir (Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech). In dyslipidemia, women tend to have greater HDL-C and lower LDL-C than men...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in adult, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a major pathologic event in DR. Methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, is a precursor of AGEs. Although the therapeutic potential of metformin for retinopathy disorders has recently been elucidated, possibly through AMPK activation, it remains unknown how metformin directly affects the MGO-induced stress response in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Therefore, in this study, we compared the effects of metformin and the AMPK activator A769662 on MGO-induced DR in mice, as well as evaluated cytotoxicity, mitochondrial dynamic changes and dysfunction in ARPE-19 cells...

AIMS: SMARTEST is a register-based randomized clinical trial (RRCT) that compares dapagliflozin to metformin in early-stage type 2 diabetes. The primary outcome includes progression of microvascular complications based on data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). In this sub-study, the aim was to validate microvascular complication variables in the NDR against electronic health records (EHRs). METHODS: Data were extracted from EHRs of 276 SMARTEST participants with a median observation period of 3 years in the Uppsala, Örebro and Sörmland counties and compared with NDR data...

BACKGROUND: Whether metformin may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) requires confirmation. This study compared the risk of AMD between ever users and never users of metformin matched on propensity score (PS) in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: We enrolled study subjects from Taiwan's National Health Insurance. A total of 423,949 patients with new onset diabetes from 1999 to 2005 were identified. After excluding ineligible patients and enrolling only patients aged between 50 and 79 years, we created 13,303 pairs of ever users and never users of metformin matched on PS...

Retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathological process responsible for cellular damage in glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy. Metformin is a biguanide drug that exerts strong effects on multiple diseases. This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of metformin against retinal I/R injury and its underlying mechanism. I/R induced reduction in retina thickness and cell number in ganglion cell layer, and metformin alleviated I/R-induced retinal injury. Both retinal I/R and simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SIR) in R28 cells down-regulated expression of mitochondrial fusion protein Mfn2 and OPA1, which led to mitochondrial fission...

Diabetes is a chronic, and metabolic disorder that has gained epidemic proportions in the past few decades creating a threat throughout the globe. It is characterized by increased glucose levels that may be due to immune-mediated disorders (T1DM), insulin resistance or inability to produce sufficient insulin by β-pancreatic cells (T2DM), gestational, or an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. The progression of the disease is marked by several pathological changes in the body like nephropathy, retinopathy, and various cardiovascular complications...

Public safety (prevention of accidents) is the primary objective in assessing fitness to drive a motor vehicle. However, general access to mobility should not be restricted if there is no particular risk to public safety. For people with diabetes mellitus, the Führerscheingesetz (Driving Licence Legislation) and the Führerscheingesetz-Gesundheitsverordnung (Driving Licence Legislation Health enactment) regulate important aspects of driving safety in connection with acute and chronic complications of the disease...

Introduction Glycaemic variability is possibly linked to the development of diabetic retinopathy, and newer second-line glucose-lowering treatments in type 2 diabetes might reduce glycaemic variability. Aim This study aimed to investigate whether newer second-line glucose-lowering treatments are associated with an alternative risk of developing diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes. Methods A nationwide cohort of people with type 2 diabetes on second-line glucose-lowering treatment regimens in 2008-2018 was extracted from the Danish National Patient Registry...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Newer hypoglycemics such as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been increasingly used in diabetes. This study aimed to assess the relationship between usage of these hypoglycemic agents and effect on diabetic retinopathy (DR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the Vestrum Health Retina Database, patients with DR with 1 year follow-up after use of a hypoglycemic agent were included and stratified by agent, including no pharmacotherapy...

Diabetes mellitus is a disease with no cure that can cause complications and even death. Moreover, over time, it will lead to chronic complications. Predictive models have been used to identify people with a tendency to develop diabetes mellitus. At the same time, there is limited information regarding the chronic complications of patients with diabetes. Our study is aimed at creating a machine-learning model that will be able to identify the risk factors of a diabetic patient developing chronic complications such as amputations, myocardial infarction, stroke, nephropathy, and retinopathy...

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) plays a critical role in the mechanisms that allow cells to adapt to various oxygen levels in the environment. Specifically, HIF-1⍺ has shown to be widely involved in cellular repair, survival, and energy metabolism. HIF-1⍺ has also been found in increased levels in cancer cells, highlighting the importance of balance in the hypoxic response. Promoting HIF-1⍺ activity as a potential therapy for degenerative diseases and inhibiting HIF-1⍺ as a therapy for pathologies with overactive cell proliferation are actively being explored...

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the complication of diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of vision loss among diabetic patients. Metformin is the main antidiabetic treatment. It is preferable for its great anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is the preferable treatment for DME despite its lack of convincing results in some patients. To assess whether the combination of metformin and anti-VEGF drugs may decrease the risk of anti-VEGF resistance among DME patients...

AIMS: We propose a simple type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) classification method based on fasting C-peptide (FCP) levels and examined its feasibility and validity. METHODS: Adult T2DM patients first diagnosed in our tertiary care centre from January 2009 to January 2020 were included. Patients were followed until January 2021; their clinical characteristics, chronic complications, treatment regimen, and glycaemic control were compared. RESULTS: In total, 5644 T2DM patients were included...

PURPOSE: To investigate the risk and protective factors of dry eye disease (DED) in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study using Chang- Gung research database collecting data from 2005 to 2020. METHODS: Patients with type II DM were included, and those with previous ocular diseases were excluded. Ten thousand twenty nine developed DED (DED group), and 142,491 didn't (non-DED group). The possible risk and protective factors were compared and analyzed using the logistic regression model...

Objective: This study established a model to predict the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) with amino acids selected by partial least squares (PLS) method, and evaluated the effect of metformin on the effect of amino acids on DR in the model. Methods: In Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China, we retrieved 1031 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) from the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University. After sorting the amino acids using the PLS method, the top 10 amino acids were included in the model...

Loss of pancreatic β-cell is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and it also occurs in type 2. TXNIP ( thioredoxin - interacting protein ), also known as vitamin D3-upregulated protein 1, or thioredoxin-binding-protein-2, regulates this process and modulates cellular redox balance. TXNIP is localized primarily in the nucleus, but under oxidative stress it moves to mitochondria, where it interacts with mitochondrial thioredoxin 2. Overexpression of TXNIP induced by hyperglycaemia is typical for diabetes and insulin resistance and leads to apoptosis of pancreatic β-cell, cardiomyopathy, metabolic disorders and multiple harmful effects...

OBJECTIVE: Retina and endothelium constitute fields in which the hyperglycemia's pathological effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can be detected. However, the precise time of these lesions' appearance and factors contributing to it are still under investigation. Thus, we studied the early retinal lesions and endothelial function in patients with a recent diagnosis of T2DM (<6 months) and their association with adverse prognostic factors. DESIGN AND METHOD: Patients with a recent diagnosis of T2DM receiving no other diabetic medication except from Metformin, and volunteers matched for age and blood pressure (BP) participated in the study...

OBJECTIVES: To measure the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes, to define their characteristics, and identify the associated risk factors. METHODS: We performed a cross sectional study of 1316 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended an ophthalmology clinic. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was diagnosed using a complete ophthalmic evaluation, including a fundic examination...

Chronic hyperglycemia triggers an abnormal rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to blindness in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and cataracts. In this study, the effects of dapagliflozin, metformin and resveratrol on ROS production were investigated in lens epithelial cells (LECs) of animals with fructose-induced DM. LECs were isolated from patients without DM, or with DM devoid of diabetic retinopathy. Animals were treated with 10% fructose for 8 weeks to induce DM, which was verified by monitoring blood pressure and serum parameters...