N-Acetyl Cysteine Antioxidant

BACKGROUND: Paracetamol (PCM) overdosing induces hepatotoxicity, which can result in death if the dose is high enough and the patients are not given N-acetyl cysteine. Berberine (BBR) has a variety of biological proprieties including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. AIM: Assessment of the potential effect of BBR and selenium when used alone or together on the PCM-induced acute hepatic toxicity in rats. METHODS: This research involved 40 clinically healthy mature adult male albino rats, their weights ranged from 150 to 200 g and housed in standard conditions...

This study was designed to address the question: does antioxidant-containing embryo culture media affect DNA methyltransferases, global DNA methylation, inner cell mass/trophoblast differentiation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and apoptosis? Mouse zygotes were cultured in embryo culture media containing MitoQ, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), α-lipoic acid (ALA), or the mixture of NAC + ALC + ALA (AO) until the blastocyst stage, whereas in vivo-developed blastocysts were used as control...

The endogenous metabolite of estradiol, estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide (E17G), is considered the main responsible of the intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. E17G alters the activity of canalicular transporters through a signaling pathway-dependent cellular internalization, phenomenon that was attributed to oxidative stress in different cholestatic conditions. However, there are no reports involving oxidative stress in E17G-induced cholestasis, representing this the aim of our work. Using polarized hepatocyte cultures, we showed that antioxidant compounds prevented E17G-induced Mrp2 activity alteration, being this alteration equally prevented by the NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor apocynin...

Small molecule-driven ERK activation is known to induce autophagy and ferroptosis in cancer cells. Herein the effect of cannabidiol (CBD), a phytochemical derived from Cannabis sativa, on ERK-driven autophagy and ferroptosis has been demonstrated in glioblastoma (GBM) cells (U87 and U373 cells). CBD imparted significant cytotoxicity in GBM cells, induced activation of ERK (not JNK and p38), and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. It increased the autophagy-related proteins such as LC3 II, Atg7, and Beclin-1 and modulated the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), SLC7A11, and TFRC...

Treacher Collins syndrome-3 (TCS-3) is a rare congenital craniofacial disorder attributed to variants in the RNA pol I subunit C (POLR1C). The pathogenesis of TCS-3 linked to polr1c involves the activation of apoptosis-dependent p53 pathways within neural crest cells (NCCs). This occurs due to disruptions in ribosome biogenesis, and the restoration of polr1c expression in early embryogenesis effectively rescues the observed craniofacial phenotype in polr1c-deficient zebrafish. Clinical variability in TCS patients suggests interactions between genes and factors like oxidative stress...

Antioxidants, usually administered orally through the systemic route, are known to counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress on retinal cells. The formulation of these antioxidants as eye drops might offer a new option in the treatment of oxidative retinopathies. In this review, we will focus on the use of some of the most potent antioxidants in treating retinal neuropathies. Melatonin, known for its neuroprotective qualities, may mitigate oxidative damage in the retina. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a precursor to glutathione, enhances the endogenous antioxidant defense system, potentially reducing retinal oxidative stress...

Polysaccharides are functional foods or drugs that can be used to alleviate heavy metal poisoning by cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic. Industries generate substantial quantities of toxic heavy metal wastes, such as wastewater discharges, paints, electronic waste, batteries, pigments, and plastics, into the environment that pose a risk to human health. Therefore, it is imperative to eliminate accumulated heavy metal ions from the body and the environment. Heavy metal toxicity can lead to decreased energy levels and impair the functioning of vital organs, such as the brain, lungs, kidneys, liver, and blood...

The total melanin synthesis in the skin depends on various melanogenic factors, including the number of viable melanocytes, the level of melanogenic enzymes per cell, and the reaction rate of the enzymes. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of L-cysteine (L-Cys), L-ascorbic acid (L-AA), and their derivatives on the tyrosinase (TYR) activity and autoxidation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in vitro and the viability and melanin synthesis of B16/F10 cells under different conditions. L-Cysteinamide (C-NH2 ), glutathione (GSH), L-Cys, L-AA, and N -acetyl L-cysteine (NAC) inhibited the catalytic activity of TYR in vitro...

Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer that affects both sexes and has a poor prognosis due to aggressiveness and chemoresistance. Essential oils isolated from Calocedrus formosana (CF-EOs) have been shown to demonstrate anti-termite, antifungal, anti-mosquito, and anti-microbial activities. However, the anticancer effects of CF-EOs are not yet fully understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying CF-EOs-mediated anti-proliferative activity in colon cancer cells...

BACKGROUND: Sorafenib (Sora), a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is widely recognized as a standard chemotherapy treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, drug resistance mechanisms hinder its anticancer efficacy. Derived from Withania somnifera, Withaferin A (WA) exhibits remarkable anti-tumor properties as a natural bioactive compound. This study aimed to examine the mechanisms that underlie the impacts of Sora and WA co-treatment on HCC. METHODS: Cell proliferation was evaluated through colony formation and MTT assays...

Diazinon (DZN) is a member of organophosphorus insecticides that has cytotoxic effects on different organs. n-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a widely used antioxidant in clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies. We evaluated the protective role of NAC against DZN-induced toxicity in kidney tissue of Wistar rats. 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of control, single dose of DZN, continuous dose of DZN, single doses of DZN + NAC and continuous doses of DZN + NAC. Kidney function test (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid) was provided...

This study was aimed to investigate the preventive effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) against renal tubular cell injury induced by oxalate and stone formation and further explore the related mechanism. Transcriptome sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed gene (DEG) and related pathways. HK-2 cells were pretreated with or without antioxidant NAC/with or silencing DEG before exposed to sodium oxalate. Then, the cell viability, oxidative biomarkers of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), apoptosis and cell cycle were measured through CCK8, ELISA and flow cytometry assay, respectively...

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a haematological malignancy characterised by the accumulation of transformed myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow. Piplartine (PL), also known as piperlongumine, is a pro-oxidant small molecule extracted from peppers that has demonstrated antineoplastic potential in solid tumours and other haematological malignancies. In this work, we explored the potential of PL to treat AML through the use of a combination of cellular and molecular analyses of primary and cultured leukaemia cells in vitro and in vivo...

Nickel (Ni) is recognized as a carcinogenic metal, and its widespread use has led to severe environmental and health problems. Although the lung is among the main organs affected by Ni, the precise mechanisms behind this effect remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying Ni-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF), using various techniques including histopathological detection, biochemical analysis, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR...

Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic circadian rhythm disruption is associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases induced by exposure to neurotoxic chemicals. Herein, we examined the relationship between cellular circadian rhythm disruption and cytotoxicity in neural cells. Moreover, we evaluated the potential application of an in vitro cellular circadian rhythm assay in determining circadian rhythm disruption as a sensitive and early marker of neurotoxicant-induced adverse effects. To explore these objectives, we established an in vitro cellular circadian rhythm assay using human glioblastoma (U87 MG) cells stably transfected with a circadian reporter vector (PER2-dLuc) and determined the lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) of several common neurotoxicants...

Fluoride is known to induce nephrotoxicity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Therefore, this study aims to explore the roles and mechanisms of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and the GSDME/HMGB1 axis in fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity and the protective effects of rutin. Rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid compound known for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, is primarily mediated by inhibiting oxidative stress and reducing proinflammatory markers...

Mitochondria play a multifaceted role in supporting bladder cancer progression. Translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 44 (TIMM44) is essential for maintaining function and integrity of mitochondria. We here tested the potential effect of MB-10 (MitoBloCK-10), a first-in-class TIMM44 blocker, against bladder cancer cells. TIMM44 mRNA and protein expression is significantly elevated in both human bladder cancer tissues and cells. In both patient-derived primary bladder cancer cells and immortalized (T24) cell line, MB-10 exerted potent anti-cancer activity and inhibited cell viability, proliferation and motility...

BACKGROUND: GBA1 mutations are the most common genetic risk factor for development of Parkinson's disease (PD). The loss of catalytic activity in GBA1, as well as the reduction of the GBA1 protein in certain cellular compartment, may increase disease progression. However, the mechanisms underlying cellular dysfunction caused by GBA1 deficiency are still mostly unknown. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we focus on the genetic interaction between GBA1 deficiency and PD-causing genes, such as DJ-1, in mitochondrial dysfunction...

Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors. Hypoxic cancer cells adjust their metabolic characteristics to regulate the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and facilitate ROS-mediated metastasis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that regulates the transcription of fatty acid metabolism-related genes that have a key role in the survival and proliferation function of hypoxic cancer cells. In the present study, mRNA expression in HepG2 cells under chemically induced hypoxia was assessed...

Propyl gallate (PG) exhibits an anti-growth effect on various cell types. The present study investigated the impact of PG on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) in primary human pulmonary fibroblast (HPF) cells. Moreover, the effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, an antioxidant), L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, a GSH synthesis inhibitor), and small interfering RNA (siRNAs) against various antioxidant genes on ROS and GSH levels and cell death were examined in PG-treated HPF cells. PG (100-800 μM) increased the levels of total ROS and O2 ·- at early time points of 30-180 min and 24 h, whereas PG (800-1600 μM) increased GSH-depleted cell number at 24 h and reduced GSH levels at 30-180 min...