thiram

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates that can be attached to rough, irregular surfaces and directly collect samples is especially useful for the detection of surface organic residues. Herein, novel AuNPs-pseudo-paper films (APPFs) with uniform structure, flexible properties and wicking capabilities were first fabricated and used as SERS substrate for the sensitive detection of surface pesticides residues. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were in situ synthesized on pseudo-paper films (PPFs) by iterative seeding method to create lots of "hot-spots", accordingly exhibiting high SERS activity (SERS enhancement factor of 3...

Magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) spheres acting as a core were evenly decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and coated with a shell of a metal organic framework (MOF) of type MIL-100(Fe). The resulting hybrid nanomaterial of type Fe3 O4 -Au@MIL-100(Fe) hybrid is shown to be a viable new SERS substrate. The integration of magnetic core, build-in plasmonic gold nanoparticles and a MOF shell endows the Fe3 O4 -Au@MIL-100(Fe) with highly efficient magnetic separation and enrichment ability, abundant interparticle hotspots, and significant chemical enhancement effect...

In this work, hierarchical flower-like gold microstructures (HFGMs) are synthesized on a flexible PET film substrate by electrochemical deposition method as a SERS sensor without surfactant or directing agent. The effects of deposition current and electrolyte concentration on morphology and SERS performance are discussed to find the optimal preparation conditions. SERS activity of samples with different morphologies was investigated by comparing experiments and the mechanism was discussed. It shows the HFGMs with 3D nanoflakes and nanosheet tips present outstanding SERS activity with ultrasensitive detection limits...

The authors describe the use of white-light emitting upconversion nanoparticles (WL-UCNPs) for visual detection of the pesticide thiram. The method is demonstrated to undergo a better discernable color change upon target binding. The WL-UCNPs are modified with the lead(II)-dithizone complex which acts as the energy acceptor and recognition unit. This leads to quenching of the blue (475 nm) and green (545 nm) emissions of the WL-UCNPs, while the red emission (650 nm) remains unaffected. Upon addition of thiram, the quenched emissions are recovered, with a linear signal increase in the range from 2 nM to 20 nM of thiram and a limit of detection of 0...

Plasmonic core-shell nanomaterials have attracted great attention and offered wide applications in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) due to their unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) characteristics. In this study, the SERS performance of Ag coated Au nanoparticles aggregates (Au@AgNAs) substrate was explored. The fabrication of Au@AgNAs involved using spherical Au nanocrystals of 32 nm in diameter as the seeds, and ascorbic acid was used as the reductant. The thickness of the Ag shell deposited onto the Au surface was finely tuned from 3 to 13 nm by changing the amount of AgNO3 precursor...

In this study, we investigated how 6.6 mM thiram induces to stress response in tomato and evaluated the possible protective role of different concentration of salicylic acid (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM SA) against thiram toxicity by analyzing tomato leaf samples taken on the 1st, 5th, 11th day of the treatment. The thiram treatment resulted in oxidative stress through an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in a time-dependent manner and led to a decline in the total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels...

The challenge of the present comprehensive toxicological study was to evaluate water, mechanical and thermal processing factors (PFs) of twenty four pesticides (acetamiprid, alpha‑cypermethrin, azoxystrobin, boscalid, bupyrimate, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fenazaquin, fenhexamid, fludioxonil, folpet, iprodione, lambda‑cyhlothrin, metalaxyl, pirymicarb, propargite, pyraclostrobin, tetraconazole, tiophanate methyl, thiram, trifloxystrobin) in different fruit and vegetables and estimate health risk for adults and children...

Investigations of deleterious effects on non-target species, including earthworms, have been conducted for a number of pesticides, but there is a need for additional assessments of potential adverse effects. In the present study, the acute toxicity of eight pesticides to the earthworm Eisenia andrei was assessed and compared. The exposures were conducted using the filter paper contact toxicity method. Based on the 48-h LC50 values, one pesticide was classified as supertoxic (combined fungicide containing difenoconazole and fludioxonil), four as extremely toxic (combined herbicide containing pethoxamide and terbuthylazine, combined fungicide containing fluopyram and tebuconazole, fungicide containing pyrimethanil, and combined fungicide containing thiram and carboxin), two as very toxic (combined fungicide containing flutriafol and thiabendazole, and herbicide containing fluroxypyr-meptyl), and one as moderately toxic (insecticide containing thiamethoxam)...

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is an abnormality of the growth cartilage that occurs in chickens and other rapidly growing avian species. This disease not only cause huge economic losses, but also greatly affects animal welfare. The total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae (TFRD) has been used to cure wide variety of diseases including bone fractures and osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. However, less information is available about the using of TFRD against the TD. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of TFRD on TD by regulating BMP-2 and Runx2 in chickens...

This study aimed to develop a jellylike flexible substrate based on nanocellulose decorated with Ag nanoparticles (Ag/NC substrate) and explore its applications for rapid in-situ pesticide detections in fruits and vegetables by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The performances of Ag/NC substrate were characterized by rhodamine 6G (R6G). The limit of detection recorded by a portable Raman spectrometer is 10-8 M. The substrate still exhibited satisfactory sensitivity after 60-day preservation. Jellylike and slightly sticky Ag/NC substrate demonstrated good adaptabilities in attaching to sample surfaces and is suitable for in-situ SERS detection...

Thiram, a pesticide in the dithiocarbamate chemical family, is widely used to prevent fungal disease in seeds and crops. Its off-site movement to surface waters occurs and may place aquatic organisms at potential harm. Zebrafish embryos were used for investigation of acute (1 h) thiram exposure (0.001-10 µM) at various developmental stages. Survival decreased at 1 µM and 10 µM and hatching was delayed at 0.1 µM and 1 µM. Notochord curvatures were seen at 0.1 and 1 μM thiram when exposure was initiated at 2 and at 10 hpf...

Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) is a dithiocarbamate, which is extensively used in agriculture as pesticide and fungicide for treating grains intended for seed purposes and also for storing food grains. One of the most evident and detrimental effect produced by thiram is tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in many avian species, by feeding diets containing thiram, a growth plate cartilage disease. TD is characterized by the lack of blood vessels and impaired vascular invasion of the hypertrophic chondrocyte resulting in the massive cell death...

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is attractive in various detection analysis fields. However, the quantitative method using SERS spectroscopy remains as an area to be developed. The key issues in developing quantitative analysis methods by using SERS spectroscopy are the fabrication of reliable SERS-active materials such as nanoparticle-based structures and the acquisition of the SERS signal without any disturbance that may change the SERS signal intensity and frequency. Here, the fabrication of seamless multilayered core-shell nanoparticles with an embedded Raman label compound as an internal standard (MLRLC dots) for quantitative SERS analysis is reported...

The EU-EuroMix project adopted the strategy of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for cumulative risk assessment, which limits the number of chemicals to consider in a mixture to those that induce a specific toxicological phenotype. These so-called cumulative assessment groups (CAGs) are refined at several levels, including the target organ and specific phenotype. Here, we explore the zebrafish embryo as a test model for quantitative evaluation in one such CAG, skeletal malformations, through exposure to test compounds 0-120 hpf and alcian blue cartilage staining at 120 hpf, focusing on the head skeleton...

Protoplast fusion is an imperative tool to develop Trichoderma inter-fusants having desire traits through genetic manipulation. Study designed to develop diverse Trichoderma fusants for fungicide tolerance (Mancozeb, Thiram, Tebuconazole, and Carbendazim) and enhanced mycoparasitic activity against Sclerotium rolfsii sacc. The mycoparasitic T. virens NBAII Tvs12 and fungicide tolerant T. koningii MTCC 796 were utilized for protoplast fusion. The derived inter-fusants were subjected to diploidization using d-camphor in minimal media followed by successive three sub culturing onto potato dextrose agar to obtain 36 stable fusants...

Thiram, a carbamate pesticide, is known to induce tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in broiler chickens. This study used a thiram-induced TD model to explore whether apoptosis-related genes were expressed in erythrocytes of broiler chickens and the impacts of thiram-induced TD and the recombinant GSTA3 protein in regulating these genes expression. In this study, mRNA and protein expression of six types of apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, Bax, Murine double minute MDM2, Bcl-2-associated athanogene BAG-1, BAG-3, STAT3) were identified in erythrocytes of broiler chickens by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, and we also found that thiram-induced TD induced the decreased expression of these antiapoptotic genes in the initial stage of TD and promoted their expression in TD recovery, which suggested that the expression of these apoptosis-related genes in erythrocytes is highly related to the development of TD...

We present a method for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection of toxic contaminants in minimally processed liquid food products, through the use of a dendritic silver nanostructure, produced through electrokinetic assembly of nanoparticles from solution. The dendritic nanostructure is produced on the surface of a microelectrode chip, connected to an AC field with an imposed DC bias. We apply this chip for the detection of thiram, a toxic fruit pesticide, in apple juice, to a limit of detection of 115 ppb, with no sample preprocessing...

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) enzymes as potential drug targets maintain constant attention in the therapy of fibrosis, cancer and metastasis. In order to measure the inhibitory activity of small molecules on the LOX enzyme family members a fluorometric activity screening method was developed. During assay validation, previously reported non-selective small inhibitor molecules (BAPN, MCP-1, thiram, disulfiram) were investigated on all of the major LOX enzymes. We confirmed that MCP-1, thiram, disulfiram are in fact pan-inhibitors, while BAPN inhibits only LOX-like enzymes (preferably LOX-like-protein-2, LOXL2) in contrast to the previous reports...

Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) is one of the important pesticides, which is extensively used in agriculture, but if it is combined with the cell membrane, then it causes membrane damage, bone morphogenic inactivation, and inhibited angiogenesis. Thiram has been considered a common cause of tibial dyschondrolplasia (TD) in various avian species, because it becomes the part of feed due to environmental contamination and its overuse in agriculture as pesticides or fungicide. However, there is no systematic study on the changes of the correlation indexes with toxic effect of the thiram in chickens...

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a bone defect of broilers and other poultry birds that disturbs growth plate and it causes lameness. Previously we evaluated differential expression of multiple genes involved in growth plate angiogenesis and reported the safety and efficacious of medicinal plant root extracted for controlling TD. In this study, clinical and protective effect of an antibiotic Novobiocin (Hsp90 inhibitor) and expression of Hsp90 and proteoglycan aggrecan was examined. The chicks were divided into three groups; Control, thiram-induced TD, and Novobiocin injected TD...