Ocular HIV

PURPOSE: To introduce a novel technique of the aseptic manufacture of autologous serum eye drops (ASEDs) with a prefiltered closed system and to analyze the sterility of the produced ophtioles between 2018 and 2022. METHODS: This is a prospective single-center study conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology at a Swiss University Hospital between 2018 and 2022. For regulatory reasons, closed systems for manufacturing ASEDs are strongly recommended. We attached an upstream sterile filter (Sterivex PES0...

BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the medication regimen for the management of human immunodeficiency virus. Over time, it has been dubbed to have revolutionised the clinical course and outcomes of HIV/AIDS. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the clinical factors associated with the ocular manifestation of HIV/AIDS among patients on HAART. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the ophthalmology department of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) in 2017 among adult patients (≥18 years) attending the hospital's antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic and selected using systematic random sampling technique...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to outline a complete picture of Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR) in the central nervous system among HIV-negative neurosyphilis patients. METHODS: A prospective study cohort of 772 cases with almost all stages of neurosyphilis depicted the features of JHR including occurrence rate, risk profiles, clinical manifestations, medical management and prognosis. RESULTS: The total occurrence rate of JHR was 9...

OBJECTIVE: Efavirenz (EFV) is commonly used in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, in our previous study, many persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibited ocular complications despite undergoing effective cART. Here, we aimed to determine the intraocular EFV concentrations in the vitreous and analyze the factors affecting viral load in the vitreous in patients with HIV-associated retinopathies. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective study...

Aim: To determine the prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis among people living with HIV through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials & methods: A literature search was conducted, estimating pooled prevalence and performing quality assessment, outlier, influential and meta-regression analyses. Results: Twenty-nine studies were included in the analysis, revealing that the rate of ocular toxoplasmosis among people living with HIV was 0.37% (95% CI: 0.2-0.6). Substantial heterogeneity was observed among the studies...

PURPOSE: This study aims to elucidate the demographic characteristics, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and medical management of patients with ocular syphilis, known as 'the great masquerader,' at a tertiary eye care center in Nepal. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review involving 15 eyes from ten patients with ocular syphilis treated at a uveitis referral center between 2020 and 2022. Lumbar puncture was performed if neurosyphilis was suspected...

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ocular motor cranial nerve palsies (OMCNP) and the occurrence of primary malignant brain tumors in a Korean population, using the national sample cohort database from Korea National Health Insurance Service (KNHIS). KNHIS data between 2010 and 2017 were analyzed. Our sample encompassed 118,686 participants, including 19,781 from a recently diagnosed OMCNP cohort and 98,905 from a matched control cohort through a 1:5 propensity score matching based on age and gender...

INTRODUCTION: In this case report, we present a rare case of bilateral cryptococcal choroiditis following a diagnosis of meningitis in a 38-year-old woman with HIV. CASE PRESENTATION: A Colombian woman, newly diagnosed with HIV, presented with respiratory distress followed by meningeal syndrome. Further evaluation revealed cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans , confirmed through cerebrospinal fluid analysis and brain magnetic resonance imaging...

PURPOSE: To evaluate associations of plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract in persons with AIDS. DESIGN: Nested case-control study (analysis 1) and nested cohort study (analysis 2). PARTICIPANTS: Analysis 1: persons with AIDS and incident intermediate-stage AMD (n = 26) and controls without AMD matched for age, race/ethnicity, and gender (n = 49) from The Longitudinal Study of Ocular Complications of AIDS...

Mpox, caused by infection with Monkeypox virus , usually presents as a mild, self-limited illness in immunocompetent persons that resolves within 2-4 weeks. Serious complications have been reported when mpox lesions involve vulnerable anatomic sites, such as the eye, and in those with substantial immunosuppression. We describe a patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection and sustained viral shedding of mpox with ocular involvement, which resulted in vision loss.

BACKGROUND: Autoantibodies against interferon-γ (IFN-γ) can inhibit IFN-γ-dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 phosphorylation and thus increase the risk of infection with intracellular pathogens, such as Talaromyces marneffei (TM), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). Here, we report a rare case of triple infection caused by TM, NTM, and TB in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient. CASE PRESENTATION: A middle-aged female was admitted to our hospital after experiencing recurrent rash, cough, and expectoration for 4 months...

A 23-year-old man developed bilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachments secondary to high-titer ocular syphilis. The patient's titer increased four-fold after completing a 14-day course of intravenous penicillin (IVP). He underwent bilateral pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil fill in both eyes. In this article, the authors propose an updated treatment method for patients with advanced ocular syphilis that includes oral doxycycline for 30 days following 14 days of IVP to optimally minimize the patient's infectious burden...

BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to analyze HIV dynamics across blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and the relevant risk factors for HIV-associated ocular complications. METHODS: This study included a case series of 40 HIV-positive patients with ocular lesions, which were studied retrospectively. Clinical and laboratory examinations included plasma and intraocular viral load (VL). RESULTS: HIV VL on paired aqueous/plasma samples was available for 40 patients...

Since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Japan in 2008, the spectrum of ocular manifestations in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has changed. This study, conducted at Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital between January 2012 and August 2023, aimed to understand the epidemiology and clinical features of ocular manifestations in patients with HIV during the cART era. Of the 218 patients diagnosed with HIV, 23 (10.55%) exhibited ocular manifestations; all were male, aged 32-73...

INTRODUCTION: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is the most common ocular malignancy; the pathophysiology is influenced by molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms. The incidence of OSSN is associated with the anatomy and physiology of the ocular surface, limbal stem cell configuration, limbal vulnerability, cancer stem cells, dysplasia, neoplasia, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The key etiological factors involved are human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), immunosuppression, p53 tumor suppressor gene, hypovitaminosis A, and failure of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair mechanisms...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the retinal, choroidal, and optic disc head microvascular circulation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals without retinopathy receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 100 eyes of 100 patients with HIV infection but no HIV-related ocular disease and 108 eyes of 108 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects as the control group...

INTRODUCTION: Oculo-orbital tumors are common. Their clinical and histological features are multiple. The management of oculo-orbital tumors is a real challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in our context. The aim of this study was to contribute to the improvement of the management of oculo-orbital tumors at the Bangui Teaching Hospital (CNHUB). METHODOLOGY: This was a prospective, observational study of oculo-orbital tumors over 12 months from January 1 to December 31, 2022 in the ophthalmology department of the CNHUB...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis of neurosyphilis (NS) lacks a true 'gold standard', making the diagnosis challenging while consequences of a misdiagnosis are potentially severe. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of measuring an antibody index (AI) for the intrathecal synthesis of specific anti- Treponema pallidum ( T. pallidum ) IgG for the diagnosis of NS. METHODS: Specific anti- T. pallidum IgG were measured simultaneously in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-serum samples collected retrospectively and prospectively between 2007 and 2022, from patients suspected of NS, in Switzerland...

Syphilis is a bacterial disease caused by Treponema pallidum and is sexually transmitted via vaginal, anogenital, or orogenital contact. Vertical transmission between mother and unborn child is also possible, but transmission via skin-to-skin or blood contact is rare. The objective of this case is to highlight this rare ocular manifestation of syphilis as it manifests as a multisystemic disease affecting many organ systems. This is a case of a 46-year-old male with vision loss who was referred to the emergency department by an ophthalmologist...

A 38-year-old male with recently diagnosed HIV and gonorrhea presented with umbilicated facial lesions and blepharoconjunctivitis of the right eye. Polymerase chain reaction test was performed of the skin were positive for Monkeypox (MPX). The patients' ocular symptoms improved with acyclovir, azithromycin, gemifloxacin, and tecovirimat after 3 weeks of treatment. The incidence of MPX has been on the rise in 2022, and this case represents a unique presentation and an addition to the pool of data pertinent to diagnosis and treatment of MPX and its ocular manifestations...