Triamterene

Background: Triamterene is an oral antihypertensive drug with dissolution-limited poor bioavailability. It can be used as monotherapy or in fixed dose combination with hydrochlorothiazide which also suffers from poor dissolution. Moreover, co-processing of drugs in fixed dose combination can alter their properties. Accordingly, pre-formulation studies should investigate the effect of co-processing and optimize the dissolution of drugs before and after fixed dose combination. This is expected to avoid deleterious interaction (if any) and to hasten the biopharmaceutical properties...

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths globally, with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) being major subtypes. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of lung cancer, but understanding the underlying mechanisms of immune dysregulation is crucial for the development of effective therapies. This study aimed to investigate the distinctive cellular features of LUAD and LUSC and identify potential biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis and clinical outcomes of each subtype...

INTRODUCTION: Liddle syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, low aldosterone levels, and reduced renin activity. Atypical Liddle syndrome can be easily misdiagnosed due to its clinical phenotypes resembling hyperaldosteronism. PATIENT CONCERN: The patient was diagnosed with primary aldosteronism due to hypertension and hypokalemia, and underwent left adrenalectomy. After the operation, the patient still had hypertension and hypokalemia that were not easy to control and correct, and had acute cerebral infarction...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a widespread health condition affecting a large number of individuals across the globe. Although lifestyle choices and environmental factors are known to have a significant impact on its development, there is growing recognition of the influence of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This review specifically focuses on the hereditary causes of hypertension that are associated with increased sodium transport through the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) or amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), crucial mechanisms involved in regulating blood pressure in the kidneys...

Andrographolide (ADG) is contained in bitter plants, and its effects are widely thought to be associated with taste receptors. The current study used animal studies and cell lines to investigate the role of ADG in diabetic models. The Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor (TGR5) was directly influenced by ADG, and this boosted GLP-1 synthesis in CHO-K1 cells transfected with the TGR5 gene. However, this was not seen in TGR5-mutant cells. The human intestinal L-cell line NCI-H716 showed an increase in GLP-1 production in response to ADG...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly people. In particular, increasing evidence has showed that astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. As a precious traditional Chinese medicine, bear bile powder (BBP) has a long history of use in clinical practice. It has numerous activities, such as clearing heat, calming the liver wind and anti-inflammation, and also exhibits good therapeutic effect on convulsive epilepsy. However, whether BBP can prevent the development of PD has not been elucidated...

BACKGROUND: Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects adolescents and young adults without prior liver disease or viral infections. Patients with FLC generally have non-specific symptoms, are often diagnosed at a later stage, and experience a higher frequency of metastases compared to patients with other liver cancers. A fusion transcript of DNAJB1 and PRKACA, which can lead to increased activity of PKA and cellular proliferation, has been identified in all FLC patients, but the exact mechanism through which FLC develops remains unclear...

Due to the potential benefits of triamterene in diuretic resistance, this study was performed to assess whether triamterene add-on to the standard treatment of heart failure (HF)-related diuretic resistance improves outcomes. A randomized clinical trial was performed on 45 hospitalized patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction who had diuretic resistance. Patients were randomized to receive either triamterene 50 mg plus hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (n = 23) or hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg alone (n = 22) until hospital discharge...

Triamterene (TRI) and xipamide (XIP) mixture is used as a binary medication of antihypertension which is considered as a major cause of premature death worldwide. The purpose of this research is the quantitative and qualitative analysis of this binary mixture by green univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric methods. Univariate methods were zero order absorption spectra method (D0 ) and Fourier self-deconvolution (FSD), as TRI was directly determined by D0 at 367.0 nm in the range (2.00-10.00 µg/mL), where XIP show no interference...

Virtually all of the dietary potassium intake is absorbed in the intestine, over 90% of which is excreted by the kidneys regarded as the most important organ of potassium excretion in the body. The renal excretion of potassium results primarily from the secretion of potassium by the principal cells in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN), which is coupled to the reabsorption of Na+ by the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) located at the apical membrane of principal cells. When Na+ is transferred from the lumen into the cell by ENaC, the negativity in the lumen is relatively increased...

OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune regulatory disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). The main pathological features include demyelination and neurodegeneration, and the pathogenesis is associated with astrocytic neuroinflammation. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) is one of the conjugated bile acids in animal bile, and it is not clear whether TCDCA could improve MS by inhibiting the activation of astrocytes. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of TCDCA on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-a classical animal model of MS, and to probe its mechanism from the aspect of suppressing astrocytic neuroinflammation...

There are several studies on the deregulated gene expression profiles in kidney cancer, with varying results depending on the tumor histology and other parameters. None of these, however, have identified the networks that the co-deregulated genes (co-DEGs), across different studies, create. Here, we reanalyzed 10 Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) studies to detect and annotate co-deregulated signatures across different subtypes of kidney cancer or in single-gene perturbation experiments in kidney cancer cells and/or tissue...

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the most successful parasites in the world, because about a third of the world's population is seropositive for toxoplasmosis. Treatment regimens for toxoplasmosis have remained unchanged for the past 20 years, and no new drugs have been introduced to the market recently. This study, performed molecular docking to identify interactions of FDA-approved drugs with essential residues in the active site of proteins of T. gondii Dihydrofolate Reductase (TgDHFR), Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase (TgPRS), and Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (TgCDPK1)...

PURPOSE: Cisplatin is the core chemotherapeutic drug used for first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, drug resistance is severely hindering its clinical efficacy. This study investigated the circumvention of cisplatin resistance by repurposing non-oncology drugs with putative histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory effect. METHODS: A few clinically approved drugs were identified by a computational drug repurposing tool called "DRUGSURV" and evaluated for HDAC inhibition...

Mucopolysaccharidosis I-Hurler (MPS I-H) is caused by the loss of α-L-iduronidase, a lysosomal enzyme that degrades glycosaminoglycans. Current therapies cannot treat many MPS I-H manifestations. In this study, triamterene, an FDA-approved, antihypertensive diuretic, was found to suppress translation termination at a nonsense mutation associated with MPS I-H. Triamterene rescued enough α-L-iduronidase function to normalize glycosaminoglycan storage in cell and animal models. This new function of triamterene operates through premature termination codon (PTC) dependent mechanisms that are unaffected by epithelial sodium channel activity, the target of triamterene's diuretic function...

Background and purpose: Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals that are widely used in biology due to their good optical properties. QDs, especially cadmium-based QDs, play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer due to their intrinsic fluorescence. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the cellular uptake mechanisms of CdTe QDs in ovarian cancer cell lines. Experimental approach: In this study, we used CdTe QDs coated with thioglycolic acid...

Improving transition metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) as a noble-metal-free catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is critical to achieve low-cost electrochemical energy conversion. Herein, an in situ S doping strategy of enhancing Fe-N-C activity for ORR was developed by newly designed Fe(II) ion coordinated S-containing bis(imino)-pyridine-based polymers as precursors, which were synthesized through copolymerizing three monomers of 2, 6-diacetylpyridine (DAP), triamterene (TIT), and 2,5-dithiobiurea (DTB) as both N and S sources...

Urine is one of the most used biological fluids for screening drug delivery and the resultant metabolites. In sports, the use of diuretics such as triamterene is considered a violation of anti-doping rules and is stipulated to be present at less than 79 nM in urine by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). It is therefore important to develop effective rapid and low-cost tests for this diuretic. Here we apply electrochemical analysis using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, which have superior properties such as low background current, a wide potential window, and high resistance to deactivation...

BACKGROUND: Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) is a natural secondary bile acid with enormous pharmacological effects, such as modulating inflammation in neuron. However, whether HDCA could suppress microglial inflammation has not been elucidated yet. AIMS: To determine the anti-microglial inflammatory effect of HDCA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) models and its mechanisms. METHODS: The effect of HDCA was evaluated in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells in vitro and the cortex of LPS-treated mice in vivo...

Meniere's disease (MD) is a chronic disease that causes episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and aural fullness, initially managed by dietary salt reduction, and use of diuretics. Our prior research in autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) demonstrated that in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from corticosteroid-resistant AIED patients, increased production, processing and release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is observed and hearing could be improved with use of anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist...