Anti NMO neuritis

We report a rare case of paraneoplastic neurological syndrome with dual seropositivity of anti-aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in a 40 year-old woman with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. She received multiple lines of anti-neoplastic treatment, including immunotherapy with pembrolizumab, as well as cytotoxic chemotherapy. Paraneoplastic meningoencephalomyelitis developed 2 years after diagnosis of breast cancer and 1 year after discontinuation of immunotherapy with pembrolizumab...

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe form of inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) including acute myelitis, optic neuritis and brain syndrome. Currently, the classification of NMOSD relies on serologic testing, distinguishing between seropositive or seronegative anti-aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4) status. However, the situation has recently grown more intricate with the identification of patients exhibiting the NMOSD phenotype and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOGAD)...

This study evaluates the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with neuroimmunological disorders (pwNID) who are receiving immunomodulating treatments, compared to healthy individuals. It included 25 pwNID with conditions such as optic neuritis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis, as well as 56 healthy controls. All participants had completed their full SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedule, and their blood samples were collected within six months of their last dose...

PURPOSE: Optic neuritis (ON), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is often a precursor manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) or multiple sclerosis (MS). Reduced corneal nerve fiber counts have been found in patients with NMOSD or MS. This study aimed to observe and compare the corneal subbasal nerve plexus in patients with three types of ON and controls without ON using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM). METHODS: Data were analyzed for 77 eyes of 48 patients with ON, grouped according to seropositivity for anti-aquaporin-4 IgG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody, or no seropositivity, and 35 healthy eyes in the control group...

BACKGROUND: Although myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) has been considered a more favorable demyelinating central nervous system disorder, recent data evidence that some patients might experience severe relapses and high disability. Actual treatment-options are acquired mostly from anti-aquaporin-4-antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and rely on clinical experience. Therefore, treatment of aggressive forms of MOGAD can be challenging...

BACKGROUND:  Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an immune-mediated neurological disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical presentation that is often difficult to distinguish from other demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. OBJECTIVE:  To describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of MOGAD in a Brazilian tertiary center. METHODS:  We retrospectively reviewed the records of adult and pediatric patients who tested positive for anti-MOG antibodies and presented with clinical and radiological diseases compatible with MOGAD...

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO), or Devic's disease, is an immune-mediated, usually relapsing, central nervous system (CNS) demyelination disorder associated with optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. It is characterised by the presence of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) and antibodies against water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4-immunoglobulin G [IgG]). The term NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) includes patients with limited forms of NMO who are at risk of recurrence. Often patients with NMO or NMOSD have an associated systemic autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sjogren syndrome (SS) or a related profile of non-organ-specific autoantibodies...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an auto-immune disease essentially depicted by optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. Per se, NMO was initially believed to be a sub-type of multiple sclerosis with typical demyelinating cerebral lesions and optic nerve inflammation. More recently, corroborating lignes of evidence have strengthened the concept of the spectrum of diseases associated with NMO and more specifically with the role of anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in the pathogenesis of disease...

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, characterized by autoantibodies against aquaporin-4. The symptoms primarily involve severe optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Although the disease progression is typically relapse-dependent, recent studies revealed retinal neuroaxonal degeneration unrelated to relapse activity, potentially due to anti-aquaporin-4-positive antibodies interacting with retinal glial cells such as Müller cells...

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are autoantibody-mediated inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system predominantly targeting optic nerves and the spinal cord. Two distinct phenotypes are recognized based on the presence of serum aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) antibodies. However, contrasting clinical course patterns have been identified between AQP4-IgG-positive and AQP4-IgG-negative patients. AIMS: This study aimed to present demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with NMOSD in Slovakia and to evaluate the significance of differences between AQP4-IgG-seropositive and AQP4-IgG-seronegative patients...

Although there is a substantial amount of data on the clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathogenesis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) autoantibody-associated disease (MOGAD), there is still uncertainty regarding the MOG protein function and the pathogenicity of anti-MOG autoantibodies in this disease. It is important to note that the disease characteristics, immunopathology, and treatment response of MOGAD patients differ from those of anti-aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) and multiple sclerosis (MS)...

INTRODUCTION: Impairment in visual and cognitive functions occur in youth with demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Quantitative behavioral assessment using eye-tracking and pupillometry can provide functional metrics for important prognostic and clinically relevant information at the bedside. METHODS: Children and adolescents diagnosed with demyelinating disorders and healthy, age-matched controls completed an interleaved pro- and anti-saccade task using video-based eye-tracking and underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography examination for evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer thickness...

OBJECTIVES: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory, autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and is often characterized by attacks of severe optic neuritis and long segment myelitis. Identifying the disease-specific pathogenic anti-AQP4 autoantibody in NMOSD has allowed the development of highly effective disease-modifying drugs in the treatment phase. Eculizumab is a humanized antibody that binds to complement C5 and inhibits the formation of the C5b-induced membrane attack complex...

INTRODUCTION: Antibodies to cell surface proteins of astrocytes have been described in chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorders (CIDD) of the central nervous system including multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Our aim was to identify novel anti-astrocyte autoantibodies in relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients presenting predominantly with spinal cord and optic nerve attacks (MS-SCON). METHODS: Sera of 29 MS-SCON patients and 36 healthy controls were screened with indirect immunofluorescence to identify IgG reacting with human astrocyte cultures...

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement can occur in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) due to co-existing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) which has a highly relapsing course requiring indefinite immunosuppression, and if not diagnosed early, damage accrual occurs over time leading to permanent disability and morbidity. In this review, we describe and outline the clinical course and outcomes of anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody seropositive NMOSD with pSS overlap cases. To investigate the co-existence of AQP4 + NMOSD with pSS, we conducted a review of individual patient data from case reports and case series found in major databases...

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) may correlate with the long-term prognosis of Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). In this study, we investigated ANAs in Chinese patients with NMOSD and their relationship with disease outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from 525 patients diagnosed with NMOSD at West China Hospital between September 1, 2009, and October 1, 2021. Patients were classified into two groups: NMOSD with ANA (+) or without ANA (-)...

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a rare neuroinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent relapses. The most common signs are myelitis and optic neuritis. It can also present by cerebral or brain stem syndromes. There are still many challenges in its diagnosis and treatment, and long-term follow-up studies are needed to see the disease course over time. METHODS: We established an electronic registration system of NMOSD patients starting from October 2015 in Kashani hospital, Isfahan, Iran...

Retinal complications in patients with inflammatory optic neuritis (ON) are generally related to post-infectious neuroretinitis and are considered uncommon in autoimmune/demyelinating ON, whether isolated or caused by multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). More recently, however, cases with retinal complications have been reported in subjects positive for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. We report a 53-year-old woman presenting with severe bilateral ON associated with a focal area of paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) in one eye...

A 60-year-old white woman presented to the emergency department with painless decrease of visual acuity in the left eye (LE). The diagnosis of a non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in the LE was established based on the clinical picture and the results of static perimetry, fluorescein angiography, visual evoked potential, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and orbit. Six months later, the patient reported visual impairment in the right eye (RE). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the RE was 5/10...

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum (NMO) is an autoimmune condition with preferential target at the optic nerves and spinal cord. Although HIV infection can also cause neuritis and myelitis, the entity of HIV related to NMO has recently been elucidated, however, little is known about the context of this disease. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, imaging, treatment, and functional prognosis in an HIV-positive patient who developed an episode of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) with positive anti-AQP4 antibodies...