monocytes macrophages

BACKGROUND: Mycobacteria bloodstream infections are common in immunocompromised people and usually have disastrous consequences. As the primary phagocytes in the bloodstream, monocytes and neutrophils play critical roles in the fight against bloodstream mycobacteria infections. In contrast to macrophages, the responses of monocytes infected with the mycobacteria have been less investigated. RESULTS: In this study, we first established a protocol for infection of non-adherent monocyte-like THP-1 cells (i...

Macrophages (MΦ) play pivotal roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. Their mechanical environment has been identified as a key modulator of various cell functions, and MΦ mechanosensitivity is likely to be critical - in particular in a rhythmically contracting organ such as the heart. Cultured MΦ, differentiated in vitro from bone marrow (MΦBM ), form a popular research model. This study explores the activity of mechanosensitive ion channels (MSC) in murine MΦBM and compares it to MSC activity in MΦ enzymatically isolated from cardiac tissue (tissue-resident MΦ; MΦTR )...

BACKGROUND: Sporozoites (SPZ), the infective form of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, can be inoculated into the human host skin by Anopheline mosquitoes. These SPZ migrate at approximately 1 µm/s to find a blood vessel and travel to the liver where they infect hepatocytes and multiply. In the skin they are still low in number (50-100 SPZ) and vulnerable to immune attack by antibodies and skin macrophages. This is why whole SPZ and SPZ proteins are used as the basis for most malaria vaccines currently deployed and undergoing late clinical testing...

Monocyte-derived tumor-associated macrophages (Mo-TAMs) intensively infiltrate diffuse gliomas with remarkable heterogeneity. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we chart a spatially resolved transcriptional landscape of Mo-TAMs across 51 patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type glioblastomas or IDH-mutant gliomas. We characterize a Mo-TAM subset that is localized to the peri-necrotic niche and skewed by hypoxic niche cues to acquire a hypoxia response signature. Hypoxia-TAM destabilizes endothelial adherens junctions by activating adrenomedullin paracrine signaling, thereby stimulating a hyperpermeable neovasculature that hampers drug delivery in glioblastoma xenografts...

Moesin is a member of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family of proteins that link plasma membrane proteins to the cortical cytoskeleton and thus regulate diverse cellular processes. Mutations in the human moesin gene cause a primary immunodeficiency called X-linked moesin-associated immunodeficiency (X-MAID), which may be complicated by an autoimmune phenotype with kidney involvement. We previously reported that moesin-deficient mice exhibit lymphopenia similar to that of X-MAID and develop a lupus-like autoimmune phenotype with age...

BACKGROUND: The link between the histology of kidney transplant rejection, especially Antibody-mediated rejection, T cell-mediated rejection and Mixed rejection, and the types of infiltrating immune cells is currently not well charted. Cost and technical complexity of single cell analysis hinder large scale studies of the relationship between cell infiltrate profiles and histological heterogeneity. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the composition of nine intragraft immune cell types by using a validated kidney transplant-specific signature matrix for deconvolution of bulk transcriptomics in three different kidney transplant biopsy datasets (N=403, N=224, N=282)...

Mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades pathogen recognition receptor activation during infection may offer insights for the development of improved tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. Whilst Mtb elicits NOD-2 activation through host recognition of its peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP), it masks the endogenous NOD-1 ligand through amidation of glutamate at the second position in peptidoglycan side-chains. As the current BCG vaccine is derived from pathogenic mycobacteria, a similar situation prevails...

Chronic liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-induced cirrhosis, are characterized by an increasing accumulation of stressed, damaged, or dying hepatocytes. Hepatocyte damage triggers the activation of resident immune cells, such as Kupffer cells (KC), as well as the recruitment of immune cells from the circulation toward areas of inflammation. After infiltration, monocytes differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMF) which are functionally distinct from resident KC. We herein aim to compare the in vitro signatures of polarized macrophages and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) with ex vivo -derived disease signatures from human NASH...

BACKGROUND: Conventional natural killer (cNK) cells play an important role in the innate immune response by directly killing infected and malignant cells and by producing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Studies on their role in malaria and its complications have resulted in conflicting results. METHODS: Using the commonly used anti-NK1.1 depletion antibodies (PK136) in an in-house optimized experimental model for malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS), the role of cNK cells was investigated...

Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of locally advanced breast cancer, classified as stage T4d according to the tumor-node-metastasis staging criteria. This subtype of breast cancer is known for its rapid progression and significantly lower survival rates compared to other forms of breast cancer. Despite its distinctive clinical features outlined by the World Health Organization, the histopathological characteristics of IBC remain not fully elucidated, presenting challenges in its diagnosis and treatment...

Bacteria-enhanced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) overproduces nitric oxide (NO) leading to mitochondrial and cellular damage. In mammals, arginase (ARG), the enzyme consuming the same substrate L-arginine with iNOS, was believed to inhibit iNOS activity by competing the substrate. But in fish, this conception has been widely challenged. In this study, the gene expression using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) technology showed that when stimulated by Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila), grass carp (gc) iNOS was up-regulated in head kidney monocytes/macrophages (M0/MФ), and its changes were not detected in the whole tissue of liver or spleen, showing a high degree of cell-specific expression pattern...

The performance of apparently biocompatible implanted bovine bone grafts may be compromised by unresolved chronic inflammation, and poor graft incorporation leading to implant failure. Monitoring the intensity and duration of the inflammatory response caused by implanted bone grafts is crucial. In this study, the ability of demineralized (DMB) and decellularized (DCC) bovine bone substitutes in initiating inflammatory responses to peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PBMMs) was investigated. The response of PBMMs to bone substitutes was evaluated by using both direct and indirect cell culture, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, immunophenotyping, and cytokine production...

BACKGROUND: The immune response secondary to inflammation that develops in acute pancreatitis plays an important role in the clinical course of the disease. This study aims to evaluate the changes in various cytokines and chemokines according to the severity of pancreatitis. METHODS: Twenty-one female Wistar albino rats were divided into three equal groups. The control group received no intervention. Intraperitoneal cerulein was administered to the other groups once per hour for five hours at doses of 50 µg/kg and 80 µg/kg for the mild and severe pancreatitis groups, respectively...

African American (AA) populations present with notably higher incidence and mortality rates from lung cancer in comparison to other racial groups. Here, we elucidate the contribution of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the racial disparities and their potential clinical applications in both diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. AA patients had elevated plasma levels of MALAT1 and PVT1 compared with cancer-free smokers. Incorporating these lncRNAs as plasma biomarkers, along with smoking history, achieved 81% accuracy in diagnosis of lung cancer in AA patients...

BACKGROUND: Beyond their crucial role in hemostasis, platelets possess the ability to regulate inflammation and combat infections through various mechanisms. Stringent control of macrophage activation is essential during innate immune responses in sepsis. Macrophages are considered crucial phagocytic cells that aid in the elimination of pathogens. Platelet interactions with monocytes-macrophages are known to be significant in the response against bacterial infections, but the primary mediator driving these interactions remains unclear...

Mammalian brain border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are strategically positioned to support vital properties and processes: for example, the composition of the brain's perivascular extracellular matrix and cerebrospinal fluid flow via the glymphatic pathway. BAMs also effectively restrict the spread of infectious microbes into the brain. However, while fighting infections, BAMs sustain long-term transcriptomic changes and can be replaced by inflammatory monocytes, potentially leading to a gradual loss of their beneficial homeostatic functions...

Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules are involved in immune responses against pathogens and vaccine candidates' immunogenicity. Immunopeptidomics for identifying cancer and infection-related antigens and epitopes have benefited from advances in immunopurification methods and mass spectrometry analysis. The mouse anti-MHC-II-DR monoclonal antibody L243 (mAb-L243) has been effective in recognising MHC-II-DR in both human and non-human primates. It has also been shown to cross-react with other animal species, although it has not been tested in livestock...

Skeletal disorders can seriously threaten the health and the performance of poultry, such as tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) and osteoporosis (OP). Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) are naturally occurring polyphenolic flavonoid compounds that can be used as potential substances to improve the bone health and the growth performance of poultry. Eighty 7-day-old green-eggshell yellow feather layer chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups: basal diet and basal diet supplementation with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg OPC...

Taurine (Tau) has been found to inhibit triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) invasion and metastasis. However, its effect on tumor-promoting macrophages and tumor suppressor macrophages in breast cancer progression remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of Tau on macrophage polarization and its role in TNBC cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. We induced human THP-1 monocytes to differentiate into M2 macrophages through exogenous addition of interleukin-4. We used the TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cultured in a conditioned medium from M2 macrophages to investigate the effect of Tau on tumor growth and invasion...

The treatment of non-healing wounds, such as diabetic ulcers, remains a critical clinical challenge. Recent breakthroughs in cell therapy have shown great promise, with one primary focus on preparing cells with comprehensive reparative functions and foreseeable safety. In our previous study, we recapitulated the pro-regenerative and immunosuppressive functions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in non-tumor-derived macrophages, endowing the latter with characteristics for promoting diabetic wound healing - termed TAMs-educated macrophages (TAMEMs)...