monocytes macrophages

Taurine (Tau) has been found to inhibit triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) invasion and metastasis. However, its effect on tumor-promoting macrophages and tumor suppressor macrophages in breast cancer progression remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of Tau on macrophage polarization and its role in TNBC cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. We induced human THP-1 monocytes to differentiate into M2 macrophages through exogenous addition of interleukin-4. We used the TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cultured in a conditioned medium from M2 macrophages to investigate the effect of Tau on tumor growth and invasion...

The treatment of non-healing wounds, such as diabetic ulcers, remains a critical clinical challenge. Recent breakthroughs in cell therapy have shown great promise, with one primary focus on preparing cells with comprehensive reparative functions and foreseeable safety. In our previous study, we recapitulated the pro-regenerative and immunosuppressive functions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in non-tumor-derived macrophages, endowing the latter with characteristics for promoting diabetic wound healing - termed TAMs-educated macrophages (TAMEMs)...

Mycobacterium abscessus is increasingly recognized as the causative agent of chronic pulmonary infections in humans. One of the genes found to be under strong evolutionary pressure during adaptation of M. abscessus to the human lung is embC which encodes an arabinosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of the cell envelope lipoglycan, lipoarabinomannan (LAM). To assess the impact of patient-derived embC mutations on the physiology and virulence of M. abscessus , mutations were introduced in the isogenic background of M...

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains a serious cause of pulmonary and systemic infections globally, and host-directed therapies are lacking. The aim of this study was to test the therapeutic efficacy of asapiprant, an inhibitor of prostaglandin D2 signaling, against pneumococcal infection. Treatment of young mice with asapiprant after pulmonary infection with invasive pneumococci significantly reduced systemic spread, disease severity, and host death. Protection was specific against bacterial dissemination from the lung to the blood but had no effect on pulmonary bacterial burden...

Enterococci are common commensal bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of most mammals, including humans. Importantly, these bacteria are one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. This study examined the role of colonic macrophages in facilitating Enterococcus faecalis infections in mice. We determined that depletion of colonic phagocytes resulted in the reduction of E. faecalis dissemination to the gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, we established that trafficking of monocyte-derived CX3CR1-expressing macrophages contributed to E...

Resident macrophages of various mammalian organs are characterized by several distinctive features in their gene expression profile and phenotype, including involvement in the regulation of organ functions, as well as reduced sensitivity to proinflammatory activation factors. The reasons for the formation of such a specific phenotype remain the subject of intensive research. Some papers emphasize the role of the origin of organ macrophages. Other studies indicate that monocytes that develop in the red bone marrow are also able to form resident macrophages with a phenotype characteristic of a particular organ, but this requires appropriate microenvironmental conditions...

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Fluorescence labeling of cells is a versatile tool used to study cell behavior, which is of significant importance in biomedical sciences. Fluorescent photoconvertible markers based on polymer microcapsules have been recently considered as efficient and perspective ones for long-term tracking of individual cells. However, the dependence of photoconversion conditions on the polymeric capsule structure is still not sufficiently clear. Here, we have studied the structural and spectral properties of fluorescent photoconvertible polymeric microcapsules doped with Rhodamine B and irradiated using a pulsed laser in various regimes, and shown the dependence between the photoconversion degree and laser irradiation intensity...

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) modulate the immune response through interactions with innate immune cells. We previously demonstrated that MSCs alleviate ocular autoimmune inflammation by directing BM cell differentiation from pro-inflammatory CD11bhi Ly6Chi Ly6Glo cells into immunosuppressive CD11bmid Ly6Cmid Ly6Glo cells. Herein, we analyzed MSC-induced CD11bmid Ly6Cmid cells using single-cell RNA sequencing and compared them with CD11bhi Ly6Chi cells. Our investigation revealed 7 distinct immune cell types including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the CD11bmid Ly6Cmid cells, while CD11bhi Ly6Chi cells included mostly monocytes/macrophages with a small cluster of neutrophils...

Without intervention, a considerable proportion of patients with metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) will progress from simple steatosis to metabolism-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), liver fibrosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms that control progressive MAFLD have yet to be fully determined. Here, we unraveled that the expression of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase METTL14 is remarkably downregulated in the livers of both patients and several murine models of MAFLD, whereas hepatocyte-specific depletion of this methyltransferase aggravated lipid accumulation, liver injury, and fibrosis...

Border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are tissue-resident macrophages that reside at the border of the central nervous system (CNS). Since BAMs originate from yolk sac progenitors that do not persist after birth, the means by which this population of cells is maintained is not well understood. Using two-photon microscopy and multiple lineage-tracing strategies, we determine that CCR2+ monocytes are significant contributors to BAM populations following disruptions of CNS homeostasis in adult mice. After BAM depletion, while the residual BAMs possess partial self-repopulation capability, the CCR2+ monocytes are a critical source of the repopulated BAMs...

Sterile pyogranulomas and heightened cytokine production are hyperinflammatory hallmarks of Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD). Using peritoneal cells of zymosan-treated CGD (gp91phox-/- ) versus wild-type (WT) mice, an ex vivo system of pyogranuloma formation was developed to determine factors involved in and consequences of recruitment of neutrophils and monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMacs). Whereas WT cells failed to aggregate, CGD cells formed aggregates containing neutrophils initially, and MoMacs recruited secondarily...

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) generally presents as an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The characteristics of cell-to-cell communication in the LUAD microenvironment has been unclear. In this study, the LUAD bulk RNA-seq data and single-cell RNA-seq data were retrieved from public dataset. Differential expression genes (DEGs) between LUAD tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues were calculated by limma algorithm, and then detected by PPI, KEGG, and GO analysis. Cell-cell interactions were explored using the single-cell RNA-seq data...

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes significant blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, resulting in the extravasation of blood proteins into the brain. The impact of blood proteins, especially fibrinogen, on inflammation and neurodegeneration post-TBI is not fully understood, highlighting a critical gap in our comprehension of TBI pathology and its connection to innate immune activation. METHODS: We combined vascular casting with 3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs (uDISCO) to study the spatial distribution of the blood coagulation protein fibrinogen in large, intact brain volumes and assessed the temporal regulation of the fibrin(ogen) deposition by immunohistochemistry in a murine model of TBI...

The role of immune system in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases has been studied for decades in animal models. However, invasive studies in human subjects remain controversial due to the heterogeneity of the presentation of different diagnostic categories at different stages of the disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) contain immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. Isolating PBMCs from whole blood samples collected from patients provides a minimally invasive method for analyzing the immune system's function in patients with neurodegenerative diseases...

Innate monocytes can be trained or reprogrammed to adopt distinct memory states, such as low-grade inflammation and immune exhaustion, bearing fundamental relevance to the pathogenesis of both acute diseases such as sepsis as well as chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is critically important to develop a regimen for generating memory monocytes in vitro in order to better define key monocyte memory states with diverse potentials for proliferation, differentiation, and activation, as well as underlying mechanisms...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive, heterogenous hematopoetic malignancies with poor long-term prognosis. T-cell mediated tumor killing plays a key role in tumor immunity. Here, we explored the prognostic performance and functional significance of a T-cell mediated tumor killing sensitivity gene (GSTTK)-based prognostic score (TTKPI). METHODS: Publicly available transcriptomic data for AML were obtained from TCGA and NCBI-GEO...

Melioidosis is an emerging tropical infection caused by inhalation, inoculation, or ingestion of the flagellated, facultatively intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei . The melioidosis case fatality rate is often high, and pneumonia, the most common presentation, doubles the risk of death. The alveolar macrophage is a sentinel pulmonary host defense cell, but the human alveolar macrophage in B. pseudomallei infection has never been studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the host-pathogen interaction of B...

Healthy livers contain 80% of body resident macrophages known as Kupffer cells. In diseased livers, the number of Kupffer cells usually drops, but is compensated by infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages, which can differentiate into Kupffer-like cells. Early studies suggest that Kupffer cells play important roles in both promoting liver injury as well as liver regeneration. Yet, the distinction of the functionalities from resident and infiltrating macrophages is not always made. By using more specific macrophage markers and targeted cell depletion and single cell RNA sequencing, recent studies revealed several subsets of monocyte-derived macrophages that play important functions in inducing liver damage and inflammation as well as in liver repair and regeneration...

Dysregulated macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes underlies impaired cutaneous wound healing. This study reveals Vγ4+ γδ T cells spatiotemporally calibrate macrophage trajectories during skin repair via sophisticated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) conditioning across multiple interconnected tissues. Locally within wound beds, infiltrating Vγ4+ γδ T cells directly potentiate M1 activation and suppress M2 polarization thereby prolonging local inflammation...