Zidovudine

PURPOSE: Major adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the leading causes of poor adherence, switching of drugs, morbidity, and mortality. A limited studies was conducted to investigate major ADR in developing countries including Ethiopia, and the purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and predictors of major ADRs among HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in West Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: An institutional-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 460 children receiving ART from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2021...

OBJECTIVE: The risk of falls in people living with HIV (PLHIVs) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has received little attention in the literature. The aim of the meta-analysis is to quantify the association between fall risk and various categories of drugs used in ART. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched from inception to January 2023. Any observational study or controlled trial that reported on the relationship of at least one antiretroviral drug with falls in PLHIVs was included...

BACKGROUND: In the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), central nervous system (CNS) complications in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are sometimes associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral escape. Here, we reported a case of persistent CNS viral escape with recurrent symptomatic encephalitis, which had ultimate stabilization achieved by a combination of ART adjustment and corticosteroids. CASE PRESENTATION: A 27-year-old man with HIV infection complained of recurrent headaches during the last year...

OBJECTIVES: Mitochondrial mutations in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants after cessation of ART are rarely studied. We analysed a group of HEU newborns born to mothers with late HIV diagnosis who received three doses of ART immediately after birth. We observed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations at different times of withdrawal. METHODS: The study was based on a clinical trial conducted from 2015 to 2020. Newborns of the intervention group who met the criteria for this study received triple antiretroviral drugs, zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine, within 2 h after the birth, as post-partum prophylaxis, and at 14 days were switched to zidovudine + lamivudine + lopinavir/ritonavir, which was continued until 6 weeks of age...

BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare clinical outcomes after viremia between dolutegravir vs efavirenz-based first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) as evidence is lacking outside clinical trials in resource-limited settings. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis with routine data from 59 South African clinics. We included people with HIV aged ≥15 years receiving first-line tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine, dolutegravir (TLD) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, efavirenz (TEE) and with first viremia (≥50 copies/mL) between June and November 2020...

Tuberculosis (TB) disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. No dual-target drug is currently being used to simultaneously treat both infections. This work aimed to obtain new multitarget HIV-TB agents, with the goal of optimizing treatments and preventing this coinfection. These compounds incorporate the structural features of azaaurones as anti-Mtb and zidovudine (AZT) as the antiretroviral moiety. The azaaurone scaffold displayed submicromolar activities against Mtb, and AZT is a potent antiretroviral drug...

In utero/peripartum antiretroviral therapy (IPA) exposure type was examined in relationship to mental health symptoms among 577 children with perinatally acquired HIV (CPHIV), children perinatally HIV exposed but uninfected (CHEU), and children HIV unexposed uninfected (CHUU). IPA exposure was categorized for CPHIV and CHEU as none, single-dose nevirapine with or without zidovudine (sdNVP±AZT), sdNVP+AZT+lamivudine (3TC), or combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Anxiety and depressive symptoms were reported at baseline, 6-, and 12-month follow-up per behavioral assessment system for children...

This study employed density functional theory (DFT) computational techniques at the ωB97XD/def2svp level of theory to comprehensively explore the electronic behavior of Fe-group transition metal (Fe, Ru, Os) coordination of Se-doped graphitic carbon (Se@g-C3 N4 ) nanosystems in the smart delivery of zidovudine (ZVD), an antiretroviral drug. The HOMO-LUMO results of the interactions show a general reduction in energy gap values across all complexes in the following order: ZVD_Se@C3 N4 < ZVD_Ru_Se@C3 N4 < ZVD_Fe_Se@C3 N4 < ZVD_Os_Se@C3 N4 ...

Zidovudine/lamivudine tablets are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that are used to treat human immunodeficiency virus. The objective of this study was to investigate the bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics (PKs) of test and reference preparations of zidovudine/lamivudine tablets in healthy Chinese subjects. We designed a randomized, open, single-center, single-dose, 2-crossover experiment with a 7-day washout period involving 20 healthy subjects. The subjects were given a single dose of the test or reference preparation after fasting overnight for 10 hours...

BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies from malabsorption, gut infections, and altered gut barrier function are common in children living with the human immunodeficiency virus (CLHIV) and may worsen with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Exploratory data of baseline zinc and selenium levels and changes over 48 weeks in children living with HIV by nutritional status are presented. METHODS: Zinc, selenium, serum protein and albumin levels measured at study entry and over 48 weeks were compared between children aged 6 to < 36 months who were living with HIV and had SAM or mild malnutrition-normal nutrition...

INTRODUCTION: Studies have reported a higher risk of suboptimal neurodevelopment among children who are HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) compared to children HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU). Actual academic performance among school-aged children by HIV exposure status has not been studied. METHODS: Academic performance in Mathematics, Science, English, Setswana and overall among children enrolled in the Botswana-based FLOURISH study who were attending public primary school and ranging in age from 7...

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To date, thousands of people have lost their lives annually due to HIV infection, and it continues to be a big public health issue globally. Since the discovery of the first drug, Zidovudine (AZT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), to date, 30 drugs have been approved by the FDA, primarily targeting reverse transcriptase, integrase, and/or protease enzymes...

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) have demonstrated considerable potential when combined with electrochemical sensors, exhibiting high sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility levels. The aim of this work is to detect Zivudine (ZDV) in serum samples by means of an interface imprinting technique-based electrochemical sensor. Thus, ZDV was used as a template for the creation of an MIP-based electrochemical sensor, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used as the determination technique for the molecule...

Aim: Development of dual-acting antibacterial agents containing Erlotinib, a recognized EGFR inhibitor used as an anticancer agent, with differently spaced benzenesulfonamide moieties known to bind and inhibit Helicobacter pylori carbonic anhydrase ( Hp CA) or the antiviral Zidovudine. Methods & materials: Through rational design, ten derivatives were obtained via a straightforward synthesis including a click chemistry reaction. Inhibitory activity against a panel of pathogenic carbonic anhydrases and antibacterial susceptibility of H...

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is a leading cause of death in children under the age of five. The risk of preterm birth is increased by maternal HIV infection as well as by certain antiretroviral regimens, leading to a disproportionate burden on low- and medium-income settings where HIV is most prevalent. Despite decades of research, the mechanisms underlying spontaneous preterm birth, particularly in resource limited areas with high HIV infection rates, are still poorly understood and accurate prediction and therapeutic intervention remain elusive...

BACKGROUND: Anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and affects 60% to 80% of patients in late-stage disease. It has a considerable impact on the progression of HIV to advanced stages. This study aimed at assessing the burden of anemia in adult HIV-infected patients who are on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and have follow-up at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (HUCSH) Antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a lethal disease that is prevalent worldwide. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) data, 38.4 million people worldwide were living with HIV in 2021. Viral reverse transcriptase (RT) is an excellent target for drug intervention. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were the first class of approved antiretroviral drugs. Later, a new type of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were approved as anti-HIV drugs...

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are small peptides capable of translocating through biological membranes carrying various attached cargo into cells and even into the nucleus. They may also participate in transcellular transport. Our in silico study intends to model several peptides and their conjugates. We have selected three CPPs with a linear backbone, including penetratin, a naturally occurring oligopeptide; two of its modified sequence analogues (6,14-Phe-penetratin and dodeca-penetratin); and three natural CPPs with a cyclic backbone: Kalata B1, the Sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1 (SFT1), and Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor II (MCoTI-II)...

The understanding that zidovudine (ZDV or azidothymidine, AZT) inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 and that chalcogen atoms can increase the bioactivity and reduce the toxicity of AZT has directed our search for the discovery of novel potential anti-coronavirus compounds. Here, the antiviral activity of selenium and tellurium containing AZT derivatives in human type II pneumocytes cell model (Calu-3) and monkey kidney cells (Vero E6) infected with SARS-CoV-2, and their toxic effects on these cells, was evaluated...

BACKGROUND: The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic emerged in 2019 causing millions of deaths. Vaccines were quickly developed and made available in 2021. Despite the availability of vaccines, some subjects refuse to take the immunizing or present comorbities, therefore developing serious cases of COVID-19, which makes necessary the development of antiviral drugs. Previous studies have demonstrated that ebselen, a selenium-containing molecule, can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. In addition, selenium is a trace element that has antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties...