urine osmolarity

Two-component signaling systems (TCSs) are finely regulated mechanisms by which bacteria adapt to environmental conditions by modifying the expression of target genes. In bacterial pathogenesis, TCSs play important roles in modulating adhesion to mucosal surfaces, resistance to antibiotics, and metabolic adaptation. In the context of urinary tract infections (UTI), one of the most common types infections causing significant health problems worldwide, uropathogens use TCSs for adaptation, survival, and establishment of pathogenicity...

BACKGROUND: Many types of computed tomography (CT) scans require the use of contrast. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a known adverse effect of intravenous contrast administration. To our knowledge, the effects of low-osmolar contrast agents such as iopamidol on renal function in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus have never been studied. This study investigates the incidence of AKI following iopamidol contrast administration in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included two groups: patients who received CT pulmonary angiography who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus and those who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2...

Up to the present day, studies on the therapeutic properties of camel ( Camelus spp.) urine and the detailed characterization of its metabolomic profile are scarce and often unrelated. Information on inter individual variability is noticeably limited, and there is a wide divergence across studies regarding the methods for sample storage, pre-processing, and extract derivatization for metabolomic analysis. Additionally, medium osmolarity is not experimentally adjusted prior to bioactivity assays. In this scenario, the methodological standardization and interdisciplinary approach of such processes will strengthen the interpretation, repeatability, and replicability of the empirical results on the compounds with bioactive properties present in camel urine...

RATIONALE: Severe hyponatremia can lead to dramatic complications whether it is treated or not. At times, it may be very severe (serum Na concentration: NaS < 115 mmol/L) or even extreme (NaS < 105 mmol/L)a and its cause difficult to identify, especially in younger individuals with no history of water disorders. The case presented herein illustrates these points quite eloquently and leads us to believe that the current recommendations for the treatment of very severe hyponatremia require some fine-tuning...

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (CaB) has a high recurrence rate despite surgery. As bladder is constantly filled with urine, it is worthwhile to investigate whether it could have any detrimental effects on bladder cancer cells. METHODS: We investigated the cytotoxicity of urine samples from CaB patients and normal controls on four CaB cell lines and tested the percentage of cell death, proliferation, adhesion, invasion and colonies formation ability. In order to identify the potential components involving in urine cytotoxicity, we evaluated some basic physiochemical parameters of urines, such as pH, osmolarity, creatinine (Cr), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca) and phosphate (PO4)...

We recently reported that skin vasoconstriction to suppress transepidermal water loss (TEWL) leads to hypertension in renal injury model rats with impaired urine concentration ability. In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) from the perspective of renal water loss and skin water conservation. We compared the urinary concentration ability, body sodium and water balance, blood pressure, and TEWL in SHRs and control normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs)...

OBJECTIVES: Older adults have an elevated risk of dehydration, a state with proven detrimental cognitive and physical effects. Furthermore, the use of diuretics by hypertensive patients further compounds this risk. This prospective study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care (POC) salivary osmolarity (SOSM) measurement for the detection of dehydration in hypertensive adults with and without diuretic pharmacotherapy. DESIGN: Prospective diagnostic accuracy study...

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a highly selective α2 adrenergic agonist used in clinical anesthesia. Studies have shown that Dex can act on the collecting duct and reduce the body's water reabsorption, thereby increasing water discharge. However, the specific mechanism of Dex on water homeostasis remains unclear. The hypothalamus is the regulatory center of water and salt balance and secretes related neurochemical hormones, such as arginine vasopressin (AVP), to regulate the discharge of water and salt. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the hypothalamus are also considered to be the key targets of the thirst loop...

INTRODUCTION: Linezolid is a synthetic oxazolidinone antimicrobial drug with a broad spectrum and a unique mechanism of inhibiting resistant pathogenic strains, and it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in April 2000. Several different systemic side effects were reported after the use of this medication. In this article, we report a case in which a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) was developed after linezolid treatment was started. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 79-year-old woman who developed severe hyponatremia during linezolid treatment (0...

A young woman with a history of several suicide attempts was admitted to the hospital after suspicion of a new intoxication without definite identification of the causing agent. The patient had a high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) with respiratory compensation, a lactate gap and an osmolar gap at admission. Initial toxicological screening showed no abnormalities except for a weak positive gamma-hydroxy butyric acid (GHB) enzymatic screen in urine. This finding could not be confirmed with chromatographic analysis nor be explained by the presence of known cross reacting substances like ethanol...

Adverse events, particularly severe adverse events, after coronavirus disease vaccination are the primary concern for many patients. We present the first report of symptomatic hyponatremia, a potentially life-threatening condition, after administration of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus disease-19 vaccine. A 24-year-old man developed altered consciousness and high-grade fever a day after receiving this vaccine. Computed tomography of the brain showed diffuse brain swelling with bilateral descending transtentorial brain herniation...

Introduction: Biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) are often indexed to urine creatinine (UCr) or urine osmolarity (UOsm) to control for urine concentration. We evaluated how these approaches affect the biomarker-outcome association in patients with AKI. Methods: The Assessment, Serial Evaluation, and Subsequent Sequelae in Acute Kidney Injury Study was a cohort of hospitalized patients with and without AKI between 2009 and 2015. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we assessed the associations and predictions (C-statistics) of urine biomarkers with a composite outcome of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CKD progression...

Introduction: Lithium treatment can induce nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), but no consensus intervention is offered to date. We evaluated in these patients patterns of urine concentration and the correlates of 24-hour urine output. Methods: Prospective, single-center, observational study of 217 consecutive lithium-treated individuals, with 24-hour urine collection, desmopressin (1-deamino-arginine vasopressin [DDAVP]) concentrating test, fasting plasma vasopressin measurement (copeptin measurement in n = 119), and measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR)...

BACKGROUND: Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) are heterohexamers of LRRC8A with LRRC8B, -C, -D, or -E in various combinations. Depending on the subunit composition, these swelling-activated channels conduct chloride, amino acids, organic osmolytes, and drugs. Despite VRACs' role in cell volume regulation, and large osmolarity changes in the kidney, neither the localization nor the function of VRACs in the kidney is known. METHODS: Mice expressing epitope-tagged LRRC8 subunits were used to determine the renal localization of all VRAC subunits...

In addition to long-term regulation of blood pressure (BP), in the kidney resides the initial trigger for hypertension development due to an altered capacity to excrete sodium and water. Betaine is one of the major organic osmolytes, and its betaine/gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter (BGT-1) expression in the renal medulla relates to interstitial tonicity and urinary osmolality and volume. This study investigated altered water and sodium balance as well as changes in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) activity in female spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats from their 3-5 weeks of age (prehypertensive phase) to SHR's 28-30 weeks of age (established hypertension-organ damage)...

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between regional and total phase angle (PhA) with lower-body neuromuscular performance in young elite soccer players. METHODS: Sixteen elite male soccer players (14.3 ± 1.0 years) participated in this study. Lower (LPhA)- and upper (UPhA)-hemisome PhA together with whole-body PhA (WBPhA) were measured by a bioelectrical-impedance analysis (BIA), while appendicular arm and leg lean soft tissue (ALST and LLST, respectively) were estimated...

BACKGROUND: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly affects the lungs, but can involve several other organs. The diagnosis of acute and chronic sequelae is one of the challenges of COVID-19. The current literature proposes that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may involve the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In this case report, we present a unique case of new-onset central diabetes insipidus secondary to the COVID-19 disease in a 54-year-old woman. CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old woman presented with the history of excessive thirst, polyuria, and polydipsia, six weeks after being infected by COVID-19...

Epac is a relatively new direct downstream effector of cAMP. Two known Epac isoforms, Epac1 and Epac2 are abundantly expressed in the renal epithelial cells of the proximal tubule and the collecting duct. We recently demonstrated that Epac1-/- and Epac2-/- mice develop polyuria largely due to decreased NHE-3 expression in the proximal tubule. In contrast, AQP2-dependent water reabsorption in the collecting duct was unaffected. In this study, we utilized double Epac knockout mice to determine whether both isoforms contribute complementarily to the urinary production and concentrating ability...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs infrequently in young patients and often raises concern for irreversible or deadly etiologies. However, AKI related to synthetic marijuana, colloquially known as K2, is an increasingly common phenomenon in the United States and resolves quickly with fluid resuscitation. Here, we present a case of a young male who presented with severe AKI that initially raised concern for the need to start renal replacement therapy. Laboratory testing revealed an elevated osmolar gap and negative urine drug screen, while urinalysis demonstrated acanthocytes, raising concern for toxic alcohol ingestion or vasculitis...

UNLABELLED: Sjogren syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterised by lymphocytic infiltration and inflammation of the exocrine glands resulting in decreased secretion of involved glands which manifests mostly as dry eye and dry mouth. The prevalence of the disease is reported to be about 10.3 per 10,000 population. It is more common in females with a male: female ratio of 16:1. Extra glandular manifestations are seen in up to 1/3rd of the cases. Renal involvement is seen in 4.9% of patients with Sjogren syndrome...