keyword
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38533641/mechanisms-underpinning-sympathoexcitation-in-hypoxia
#1
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Lydia L Simpson, Mike Stembridge, Christoph Siebenmann, Jonathan P Moore, Justin S Lawley
Sympathoexcitation is a hallmark of hypoxic exposure, occurring acutely, as well as persisting in acclimatised lowland populations and with generational exposure in highland native populations of the Andean and Tibetan plateaus. The mechanisms mediating altitude sympathoexcitation are multifactorial, involving alterations in both peripheral autonomic reflexes and central neural pathways, and are dependent on the duration of exposure. Initially, hypoxia-induced sympathoexcitation appears to be an adaptive response, primarily mediated by regulatory reflex mechanisms concerned with preserving systemic and cerebral tissue O2 delivery and maintaining arterial blood pressure...
March 27, 2024: Journal of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38533447/research-on-adults-with-subthreshold-depression-after-aerobic-exercise-a-resting-state-fmri-study-based-on-regional-homogeneity-reho
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Wenbin Shen, Xiaoxiao Wang, Qin Li, Qingguo Ding, Hongqiang Zhang, Zheng Qian, Zhixin Sun, Xingyu Chen, Jun Zhang, Mengqi Zhao, Lina Huang, Wei Xing
OBJECTIVE: Subthreshold depression (StD)/subsyndromal depression refers to a threatening precursor to depression. Aerobic exercise is a promising self-supportive adjunctive intervention and an effective measure for StD. Our study utilizes regional homogeneity (ReHo) to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on resting-state brain function. METHODS: A total of 78 subjects, aged between 18 and 48 years, (StD group, n = 44; healthy control (HC) group, n = 34) engaged in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise 3-4 times per week for 8 weeks...
2024: Frontiers in Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38526884/identification-of-neural-and-non-neural-origins-of-joint-hyper-resistance-based-on-a-novel-neuromechanical-model
#3
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Willaert Jente, Desloovere Kaat, Anja Van Campenhout, Lena H Ting, Friedl De Groote
Joint hyper-resistance is a common symptom in neurological disorders. It has both neural and non-neural origins, but it has been challenging to distinguish different origins based on clinical tests alone. Combining instrumented tests with parameter identification based on a neuromechanical model may allow us to dissociate the different origins of joint hyper-resistance in individual patients. However, this requires that the model captures the underlying mechanisms. Here, we propose a neuromechanical model that, in contrast to previously proposed models, accounts for muscle short-range stiffness (SRS) and its interaction with muscle tone and reflex activity...
March 25, 2024: IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38514699/role-of-compliant-mechanics-and-motor-control-in-hopping-from-human-to-robot
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Aida Mohammadi Nejad Rashty, Maziar A Sharbafi, Omid Mohseni, André Seyfarth
Compliant leg function found during bouncy gaits in humans and animals can be considered a role model for designing and controlling bioinspired robots and assistive devices. The human musculoskeletal design and control differ from distal to proximal joints in the leg. The specific mechanical properties of different leg parts could simplify motor control, e.g., by taking advantage of passive body dynamics. This control embodiment is complemented by neural reflex circuitries shaping human motor control. This study investigates the contribution of specific passive and active properties at different leg joint levels in human hopping at different hopping frequencies...
March 21, 2024: Scientific Reports
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38514108/-learning-and-neural-activity-beyond-localization
#5
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yoshio Sakurai
Learning is classified into two types: "classical conditioning," which modifies simple reflexes, and "operant conditioning," which modifies complex voluntary behaviors. The neural circuits underlying these two types differ significantly. During the learning process of operant conditioning tasks, various changes in firing rate and firing synchrony of neurons can be observed across multiple brain regions. Additionally, neuronal firing rate and synchrony in several brain regions can be voluntarily controlled through operant conditioning...
March 2024: Brain and Nerve, Shinkei Kenkyū No Shinpo
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38512998/simulated-operant-reflex-conditioning-environment-reveals-effects-of-feedback-parameters
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kyoungsoon Kim, Ethan Oblak, Kathleen Manella, James Sulzer
Operant conditioning of neural activation has been researched for decades in humans and animals. Many theories suggest two parallel learning processes, implicit and explicit. The degree to which feedback affects these processes individually remains to be fully understood and may contribute to a large percentage of non-learners. Our goal is to determine the explicit decision-making processes in response to feedback representing an operant conditioning environment. We developed a simulated operant conditioning environment based on a feedback model of spinal reflex excitability, one of the simplest forms of neural operant conditioning...
2024: PloS One
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38509450/a-measure-of-the-blink-reflex-to-parametric-variation-of-mechanical-stimulation-of-the-trigeminal-nerve
#7
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Eric A Kaiser, Edda B Haggerty, Dena P Garner, Vatinee Y Bunya, Geoffrey K Aguirre
The primary goal of this study was to develop a parametric model that relates variation in stimulation of the trigeminal nerve to properties of the blink response. We measured blink responses in 17 healthy, adult participants to air puffs directed at the lateral canthus of the eye at five different, log-spaced intensities (3.5-60 PSI). Lid position over time was decomposed into amplitude and velocity components. We found that blink amplitude was systematically related to log stimulus intensity, with the relationship well described by a sigmoidal function...
March 20, 2024: Psychophysiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38505704/synaptic-mechanisms-underlying-the-elevated-sympathetic-outflow-in-fructose-induced-hypertension
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yun Zhu, Haiying Sun, Hongjie Wang, Na Li
Metabolic syndrome is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, including elevated sympathetic outflow. However, the underlying brain mechanisms are unclear. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) critically regulates autonomic reflexes related to cardiovascular function and contains neurons projecting to the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible free-radical messenger in the vascular, immune, and nervous systems. In this study, we determine if NO in the NTS is involved in the synaptic plasticity underlying the elevated sympathetic outflow in fructose-induced hypertension...
2024: Frontiers in Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38494134/multidimensional-assessment-of-adverse-events-of-bupropion-a-large-scale-data-analysis-from-the-faers-database
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Rongrong Lu, Ying Jiang, Zhiqiang Du, Qin Zhou, Yuan Shen, Haohao Zhu
OBJECTIVE: Bupropion, a monocyclic antidepressant, aids in smoking cessation, treats major depression, and prevents severe depression in seasonal affective disorder patients. Yet, its adverse reactions remain insufficiently studied. METHODS: All data from the raw data packages for 78 quarters from the 1st quarter of 2004 to the 2nd quarter of 2023 were extracted from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database and imported into the SAS9.4 software for data cleaning and analysis...
March 15, 2024: Journal of Affective Disorders
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38493201/optogenetic-stimulation-of-neurons-in-the-anterior-cingulate-cortex-induces-changes-in-intravesical-bladder-pressure-and-the-micturition-reflex
#10
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Takanori Mochizuki, Satoshi Manita, Hiroshi Shimura, Satoru Kira, Norifumi Sawada, Haruhiko Bito, Kenji Sakimura, George J Augustine, Takahiko Mitsui, Masayuki Takeda, Kazuo Kitamura
Lower urinary tract (LUT) function is controlled by the central nervous system, including higher-order cognitive brain regions. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is one of these regions, but the role of its activity in LUT function remains poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted optogenetic experiments to manipulate neural activity in mouse ACC while monitoring bladder pressure to elucidate how the activity of ACC regulates LUT function. Selective optogenetic stimulation of excitatory neurons in ACC induced a sharp increase in bladder pressure, whereas activation of inhibitory neurons in ACC prolonged the interval between bladder contractions...
March 16, 2024: Scientific Reports
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38492568/sound-elicits-stereotyped-facial-movements-that-provide-a-sensitive-index-of-hearing-abilities-in-mice
#11
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kameron K Clayton, Kamryn S Stecyk, Anna A Guo, Anna R Chambers, Ke Chen, Kenneth E Hancock, Daniel B Polley
Sound elicits rapid movements of muscles in the face, ears, and eyes that protect the body from injury and trigger brain-wide internal state changes. Here, we performed quantitative facial videography from mice resting atop a piezoelectric force plate and observed that broadband sounds elicited rapid and stereotyped facial twitches. Facial motion energy (FME) adjacent to the whisker array was 30 dB more sensitive than the acoustic startle reflex and offered greater inter-trial and inter-animal reliability than sound-evoked pupil dilations or movement of other facial and body regions...
March 6, 2024: Current Biology: CB
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38491728/influence-of-oral-motor-tasks-on-postural-muscle-activity-during-dynamic-reactive-balance
#12
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Daniel Hellmann, Cagla Fadillioglu, Lisa Kanus, Felix Möhler, Hans J Schindler, Marc Schmitter, Thorsten Stein, Steffen Ringhof
BACKGROUND: Jaw clenching improves dynamic reactive balance on an oscillating platform during forward acceleration and is associated with decreased mean sway speed of different body regions. OBJECTIVE: It is suggested that jaw clenching as a concurrent muscle activity facilitates human motor excitability, increasing the neural drive to distal muscles. The underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon was studied based on leg and trunk muscle activity (iEMG) and co-contraction ratio (CCR)...
March 15, 2024: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38488681/adaptive-gait-responses-to-varying-weight-bearing-conditions-inferences-from-gait-dynamics-and-h-reflex-magnitude
#13
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yong Kuk Kim, Michelle Gwerder, William R Taylor, Heiner Baur, Navrag B Singh
This study investigates the effects of varying loading conditions on excitability in neural pathways and gait dynamics. We focussed on evaluating the magnitude of the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex), a neurophysiological measure representing the capability to activate motor neurons and the timing and placement of the foot during walking. We hypothesized that weight manipulation would alter H-reflex magnitude, footfall and lower body kinematics. Twenty healthy participants were recruited and subjected to various weight-loading conditions...
March 15, 2024: Experimental Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38488678/intrinsic-ankle-stiffness-is-associated-with-paradoxical-calf-muscle-movement-but-not-postural-sway-or-age
#14
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Raymond F Reynolds, Anna M Liedtke, Martin Lakie
Due to Achilles tendon compliance, passive ankle stiffness is insufficient to stabilise the body when standing. This results in 'paradoxical' muscle movement, whereby calf muscles tend to shorten during forward body sway. Natural variation in stiffness may affect this movement. This may have consequences for postural control, with compliant ankles placing greater reliance upon active neural control rather than stretch reflexes. Previous research also suggests ageing reduces ankle stiffness, possibly contributing to reduced postural stability...
March 15, 2024: Experimental Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38488453/prelimbic-cortical-pyramidal-neurons-to-ventral-tegmental-area-projections-promotes-arousal-from-sevoflurane-anesthesia
#15
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Fuyang Cao, Yongxin Guo, Shuting Guo, Xinyu Hao, Lujia Yang, Jiangbei Cao, Zhikang Zhou, Weidong Mi, Li Tong
AIMS: General anesthesia has been used in surgical procedures for approximately 180 years, yet the precise mechanism of anesthetic drugs remains elusive. There is significant anatomical connectivity between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the prelimbic cortex (PrL). Projections from VTA dopaminergic neurons (VTADA ) to the PrL play a role in the transition from sevoflurane anesthesia to arousal. It is still uncertain whether the prelimbic cortex pyramidal neuron (PrLPyr ) and its projections to VTA (PrLPyr -VTA) are involved in anesthesia-arousal regulation...
March 2024: CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38488087/evaluation-of-neural-reflex-activation-as-a-potential-mode-of-action-for-respiratory-and-cardiovascular-effects-of-fine-particulate-matter
#16
REVIEW
Robyn L Prueitt, Cassandra J Meakin, Nicholas L Drury, Julie E Goodman
OBJECTIVES: Mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular health conditions contributes largely to the total mortality that has been associated with exposure to PM2.5 in epidemiology studies. A mode of action (MoA) for these underlying morbidities has not been established, but it has been proposed that some effects of PM2.5 occur through activation of neural reflexes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We critically reviewed the experimental studies of PM2.5 (including ambient PM2...
March 15, 2024: Inhalation Toxicology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38483997/predation-without-direction-selectivity
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jenna Krizan, Xiayingfang Song, Michael J Fitzpatrick, Ning Shen, Florentina Soto, Daniel Kerschensteiner
Across the animal kingdom, visual predation relies on motion-sensing neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) and its orthologs. These neurons exhibit complex stimulus preferences, including direction selectivity, which is thought to be critical for tracking the unpredictable escape routes of prey. The source of direction selectivity in the SC is contested, and its contributions to predation have not been tested experimentally. Here, we use type-specific cell removal to show that narrow-field (NF) neurons in the mouse SC guide predation...
March 19, 2024: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38453502/echocardiography-in-thirty-american-flamingos-phoenicopterus-ruber-and-a-case-of-suspected-neurally-mediated-reflex-syncope
#18
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Anders S Schrøder, Jakob L Willesen, Kathryn L Perrin, Mads F Bertelsen, Jørgen Koch
Heart disease in birds contributes to premature death and is usually detected postmortem. Echocardiography is a sensitive and noninvasive diagnostic modality but reported standard values for many species of birds, including American flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber ), are unavailable. Echocardiography was opportunistically performed on 30 unsedated American flamingos during their annual routine health examination. Structural heart disease was not found in any of the examined birds. However, 18 birds showed varying degrees of dynamic intraventricular obstruction...
March 2024: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine: Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38451856/interactions-between-circuit-architecture-and-plasticity-in-a-closed-loop-cerebellar-system
#19
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hannah L Payne, Jennifer L Raymond, Mark S Goldman
Determining the sites and directions of plasticity underlying changes in neural activity and behavior is critical for understanding mechanisms of learning. Identifying such plasticity from neural recording data can be challenging due to feedback pathways that impede reasoning about cause and effect. We studied interactions between feedback, neural activity, and plasticity in the context of a closed-loop motor learning task for which there is disagreement about the loci and directions of plasticity: vestibulo-ocular reflex learning...
March 7, 2024: ELife
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38449060/the-gateway-reflex-regulates-tissue-specific-autoimmune-diseases
#20
REVIEW
Yuki Tanaka, Izuru Ohki, Kaoru Murakami, Satoshi Ozawa, Yaze Wang, Masaaki Murakami
The dynamic interaction and movement of substances and cells between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs are meticulously controlled by a specialized vascular structure, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Experimental and clinical research has shown that disruptions in the BBB are characteristic of various neuroinflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis. We have been elucidating a mechanism termed the "gateway reflex" that details the entry of immune cells, notably autoreactive T cells, into the CNS at the onset of such diseases...
March 7, 2024: Inflammation and Regeneration
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