keyword
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34028765/fluorescent-labeling-and-confocal-microcopy-of-plastids-and-stromules
#21
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Maureen R Hanson, Patricia L Conklin, Amirali Sattarzadeh
While chlorophyll has served as an excellent label for plastids in green tissue, the development of fluorescent proteins has allowed their ready visualization in all tissues of the plants, revealing new features of their morphology and motility, including the presence of plastid extensions known as stromules. Gene regulatory sequences in nuclear transgenes that target proteins to plastids, as well as in transgenes introduced into plastid genomes, can be assessed or optimized through the use of fluorescent protein reporters...
2021: Methods in Molecular Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33884686/tgd5-is-required-for-normal-morphogenesis-of-non-mesophyll-plastids-but-not-mesophyll-chloroplasts-in-arabidopsis
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ryuuichi D Itoh, Kohdai P Nakajima, Shun Sasaki, Hiroki Ishikawa, Yusuke Kazama, Tomoko Abe, Makoto T Fujiwara
Stromules are dynamic membrane-bound tubular structures that emanate from plastids. Stromule formation is triggered in response to various stresses and during plant development, suggesting that stromules may have physiological and developmental roles in these processes. Despite the possible biological importance of stromules and their prevalence in green plants, however, their exact roles and formation mechanisms remain unclear. To explore these issues, we obtained Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with excess stromule formation in the leaf epidermis by microscopy-based screening...
April 22, 2021: Plant Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33793902/organelle-extensions-in-plant-cells
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jaideep Mathur
The life strategy of plants includes their ability to respond quickly at the cellular level to changes in their environment. The use of targeted fluorescent protein probes and imaging of living cells has revealed several rapidly induced organelle responses that create the efficient sub-cellular machinery for maintaining homeostasis in the plant cell. Several organelles, including plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, extend and retract thin tubules that have been named stromules, matrixules, and peroxules, respectively...
April 2, 2021: Plant Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33487356/expression-of-l-amino-acid-oxidase-of-trichoderma-harzianum-in-tobacco-confers-resistance-to-sclerotinia-sclerotiorum-and-botrytis-cinerea
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kou-Cheng Peng, Chao-Chi Lin, Chong-Fu Liao, Hsin-Chiao Yu, Chaur-Tsuen Lo, Hsueh-Hui Yang, Kuo-Chih Lin
L-amino acid oxidase (ThLAAO) secreted by Trichoderma harzianum ETS323 is a flavoenzyme with antimicrobial characteristics. In this study, we transformed the ThLAAO gene into tobacco to elucidate whether ThLAAO can activate defense mechanisms and confer resistance against phytopathogens. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing ThLAAO showed enhanced resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea and activated the expression of defense-related genes and the genes involved in salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene biosynthesis accompanied by substantial accumulation of H2 O2 in chloroplasts, cytosol around chloroplasts, and cell membranes of transgenic tobacco...
February 2021: Plant Science: An International Journal of Experimental Plant Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33224439/biological-lipid-nanotubes-and-their-potential-role-in-evolution
#25
REVIEW
Irep Gözen, Paul Dommersnes
The membrane of cells and organelles are highly deformable fluid interfaces, and can take on a multitude of shapes. One distinctive and particularly interesting property of biological membranes is their ability to from long and uniform nanotubes. These nanoconduits are surprisingly omnipresent in all domains of life, from archaea, bacteria, to plants and mammals. Some of these tubes have been known for a century, while others were only recently discovered. Their designations are different in different branches of biology, e...
2020: European Physical Journal. Special Topics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33218631/review-morphology-behaviour-and-interactions-of-organelles
#26
REVIEW
Jaideep Mathur
High quality transmission electron micrographs have played a major role in shaping our views on organelles in plant cells. However, these snapshots of dead, fixed and sectioned tissue do not automatically convey an appreciation of the dynamic nature of organelles in living cells. Advances in the imaging of subcellular structures in living cells using multicoloured, targeted fluorescent proteins reveal considerable changes in organelle pleomorphy that might be limited to small regions of the cell. The fresh data and insights also challenge several existing ideas on organelle behaviour and interactivity...
December 2020: Plant Science: An International Journal of Experimental Plant Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33137706/stromules-functional-extensions-of-plastids-within-the-plant-cell
#27
REVIEW
Maureen R Hanson, Patricia L Conklin
Stromules are thin tubular extensions of the plastid compartment surrounded by the envelope membrane. A myriad of functions have been proposed for them, and they likely have multiple roles. Recent work has illuminated aspects of their formation, especially the important of microtubules in their movement and microfilaments in anchoring. A variety of biotic and abiotic stresses result in induction of stromule formation, and in recent years, stromule formation has been strongly implicated as part of the innate immune response...
December 2020: Current Opinion in Plant Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32362250/spatial-chloroplast-to-nucleus-signalling-involving-plastid-nuclear-complexes-and-stromules
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Philip M Mullineaux, Marino Exposito-Rodriguez, Pierre Philippe Laissue, Nicholas Smirnoff, Eunsook Park
Communication between chloroplasts and the nucleus in response to various environmental cues may be mediated by various small molecules. Signalling specificity could be enhanced if the physical contact between these organelles facilitates direct transfer and prevents interference from other subcellular sources of the same molecules. Plant cells have plastid-nuclear complexes, which provide close physical contact between these organelles. Plastid-nuclear complexes have been proposed to facilitate transfer of photosynthesis-derived H2 O2 to the nucleus in high light...
June 22, 2020: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32272573/cellular-and-subcellular-compartmentation-of-the-2-c-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate-pathway-in-the-madagascar-periwinkle
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Grégory Guirimand, Anthony Guihur, Catalina Perello, Michael Phillips, Samira Mahroug, Audrey Oudin, Thomas Dugé de Bernonville, Sébastien Besseau, Arnaud Lanoue, Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc'h, Nicolas Papon, Benoit St-Pierre, Manuel Rodríguez-Concepcíon, Vincent Burlat, Vincent Courdavault
The Madagascar periwinkle ( Catharanthus roseus ) synthesizes the highly valuable monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) through a long metabolic route initiated by the 2 C -methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. In leaves, a complex compartmentation of the MIA biosynthetic pathway occurs at both the cellular and subcellular levels, notably for some gene products of the MEP pathway. To get a complete overview of the pathway organization, we cloned four genes encoding missing enzymes involved in the MEP pathway before conducting a systematic analysis of transcript distribution and protein subcellular localization...
April 7, 2020: Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
https://read.qxmd.com/read/31894123/-iris-yellow-spot-virus-induced-chloroplast-malformation-results-in-male-sterility
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ahmed Abdelkhalek, Sameer H Qari, Elsayed Hafez
Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) is one of the most devastating viral pathogens, which causes high economic losses in the onion yield. Physiological and genetic changes are associated with the appearance of chlorotic symptom in the infected plants. IYSV-N gene sequence analysis revealed that it shared sequence identity of 99% with other Egyptian isolates, at both genomic and proteomic levels. In addition, N protein sequence with computational examination indicated many motifs involved and played different roles in the virus activity and its regulation and stability were detected...
December 2019: Journal of Biosciences
https://read.qxmd.com/read/31257720/chloroplast-clustering-around-the-nucleus-is-a-general-response-to-pathogen-perception-in-nicotiana-benthamiana
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Xue Ding, Tamara Jimenez-Gongora, Bjӧrn Krenz, Rosa Lozano-Duran
It is increasingly clear that chloroplasts play a central role in plant stress responses. Upon activation of immune responses, chloroplasts are the source of multiple defensive signals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intriguingly, it has been described that chloroplasts establish physical contact with the nucleus, through clustering around it and extending stromules, following activation of effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, how prevalent this phenomenon is in plant-pathogen interactions, how its induction occurs, and what the underlying biological significance is are important questions that remain unanswered...
September 2019: Molecular Plant Pathology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/30252596/moonlighting-proteins-putting-the-spotlight-on-enzymes
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sara Abolhassani Rad, Emily J Clayton, Emily J Cornelius, Travis R Howes, Susanne E Kohalmi
AROGENATE DEHAYDRATASE2 (ADT2) is a member of the Arabidopsis thaliana ADT family. All members of this family act as arogenate dehydratases in phenylalanine biosynthesis, decarboxylating/dehydrating arogenate to phenylalanine. ADT2 is detected in stromules, and as a ring around the equatorial plane of dividing chloroplasts, indicating it has a second, non-enzymatic function in chloroplast division. Here, we provide further evidence for this alternative role of ADT2. First, we demonstrate that ADT2 and FtsZ co-localize around the equatorial plane at the same time...
2018: Plant Signaling & Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/30067472/dynamic-coordination-of-plastid-morphological-change-by-cytoskeleton-for-chloroplast-nucleus-communication-during-plant-immune-responses
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Eunsook Park, Jeffrey L Caplan, Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
Considering their sessile life, plants must efficiently coordinate their resources and energy for maintaining their presence in normal living conditions and for defending themselves against environmental threats. Collaboration between multiple subcellular compartments is a common strategy in several biological processes to modify cells' architecture for their growth and development and to respond to acute changes in the environment. When plants defend themselves against microbial pathogens, chloroplasts generate tubular structures - so-called stromules- to facilitate chloroplast movement towards nuclei during innate immunity...
2018: Plant Signaling & Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/30041102/shaping-plastid-stromules-principles-of-in-vitro-membrane-tubulation-applied-in-planta
#34
REVIEW
Jessica Lee Erickson, Martin Hartmut Schattat
Plastids undergo drastic shape changes under stress, including the formation of stroma-filled tubules, or `stromules'. Stromules are dynamic, and may extend, branch and retract within minutes. There are two prerequisites for stromule extension: excess plastid membrane and a force(s) that shapes the membrane into a tubule. In vitro studies provide insight into the basic molecular machinery for tubulation, and are often cited when discussing stromule formation. In this review, we evaluate in vitro modes of tubulation in the context of stromule dynamics, and find that most mechanisms fail to explain stromule morphology and behavior observed in planta...
December 2018: Current Opinion in Plant Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/29915611/plastid-envelope-localized-proteins-exhibit-a-stochastic-spatiotemporal-relationship-to-stromules
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kathleen Delfosse, Michael R Wozny, Kiah A Barton, Neeta Mathur, Nigel Griffiths, Jaideep Mathur
Plastids in the viridiplantae sporadically form thin tubules called stromules that increase the interactive surface between the plastid and the surrounding cytoplasm. Several recent publications that report observations of certain proteins localizing to the extensions have then used the observations to suggest stromule-specific functions. The mechanisms by which specific localizations on these transient and sporadically formed extensions might occur remain unclear. Previous studies have yet to address the spatiotemporal relationship between a particular protein localization pattern and its distribution on an extended stromules and/or the plastid body...
2018: Frontiers in Plant Science
https://read.qxmd.com/read/29659986/brassica-yellows-virus-p0-protein-impairs-the-antiviral-activity-of-nbraf2-in-nicotiana-benthamiana
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Qian Sun, Yuan-Yuan Li, Ying Wang, Hang-Hai Zhao, Tian-Yu Zhao, Zong-Ying Zhang, Da-Wei Li, Jia-Lin Yu, Xian-Bing Wang, Yong-Liang Zhang, Cheng-Gui Han
In interactions between poleroviruses and their hosts, few cellular proteins have been identified that directly interact with the multifunctional virus P0 protein. To help explore the functions of P0, we identified a Brassica yellows virus genotype A (BrYV-A) P0BrA-interacting protein from Nicotiana benthamiana, Rubisco assembly factor 2 (NbRAF2), which localizes in the nucleus, cell periphery, chloroplasts, and stromules. We found that its C-terminal domain (amino acids 183-211) is required for self-interaction...
May 25, 2018: Journal of Experimental Botany
https://read.qxmd.com/read/29563221/ties-that-bind-the-integration-of-plastid-signalling-pathways-in-plant-cell-metabolism
#37
REVIEW
Jacob O Brunkard, Tessa M Burch-Smith
Plastids are critical organelles in plant cells that perform diverse functions and are central to many metabolic pathways. Beyond their major roles in primary metabolism, of which their role in photosynthesis is perhaps best known, plastids contribute to the biosynthesis of phytohormones and other secondary metabolites, store critical biomolecules, and sense a range of environmental stresses. Accordingly, plastid-derived signals coordinate a host of physiological and developmental processes, often by emitting signalling molecules that regulate the expression of nuclear genes...
April 13, 2018: Essays in Biochemistry
https://read.qxmd.com/read/29466386/the-arabidopsis-arc5-and-arc6-mutations-differentially-affect-plastid-morphology-in-pavement-and-guard-cells-in-the-leaf-epidermis
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Makoto T Fujiwara, Mana Yasuzawa, Kei H Kojo, Yasuo Niwa, Tomoko Abe, Shigeo Yoshida, Takeshi Nakano, Ryuuichi D Itoh
Chloroplasts, or photosynthetic plastids, multiply by binary fission, forming a homogeneous population in plant cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the division apparatus (or division ring) of mesophyll chloroplasts includes an inner envelope transmembrane protein ARC6, a cytoplasmic dynamin-related protein ARC5 (DRP5B), and members of the FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 families of proteins, which co-assemble in the stromal mid-plastid division ring (FtsZ ring). FtsZ ring placement is controlled by several proteins, including a stromal factor MinE (AtMinE1)...
2018: PloS One
https://read.qxmd.com/read/29338837/stromule-extension-along-microtubules-coordinated-with-actin-mediated-anchoring-guides-perinuclear-chloroplast-movement-during-innate-immunity
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Amutha Sampath Kumar, Eunsook Park, Alexander Nedo, Ali Alqarni, Li Ren, Kyle Hoban, Shannon Modla, John H McDonald, Chandra Kambhamettu, Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar, Jeffrey Lewis Caplan
Dynamic tubular extensions from chloroplasts called stromules have recently been shown to connect with nuclei and function during innate immunity. We demonstrate that stromules extend along microtubules (MTs) and MT organization directly affects stromule dynamics since stabilization of MTs chemically or genetically increases stromule numbers and length. Although actin filaments (AFs) are not required for stromule extension, they provide anchor points for stromules. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between the direction of stromules from chloroplasts and the direction of chloroplast movement...
January 17, 2018: ELife
https://read.qxmd.com/read/29285819/the-xanthomonas-effector-xopl-uncovers-the-role-of-microtubules-in-stromule-extension-and-dynamics-in-nicotiana-benthamiana
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jessica L Erickson, Norman Adlung, Christina Lampe, Ulla Bonas, Martin H Schattat
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria type III-secreted effectors were screened for candidates influencing plant cell processes relevant to the formation and maintenance of stromules in Nicotiana benthamiana lower leaf epidermis. Transient expression of XopL, a unique type of E3 ubiquitin ligase, led to a nearly complete elimination of stromules and the relocation of plastids to the nucleus. Further characterization of XopL revealed that the E3 ligase activity is essential for the two plastid phenotypes. In contrast to the XopL wild type, a mutant XopL lacking E3 ligase activity specifically localized to microtubules...
March 2018: Plant Journal
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