Nycolas Willian Preite, Bruno Montanari Borges, Valéria de Lima Kaminski, Marina Caçador Ayupe, Leonardo Mandu Gonçalves, Bianca Vieira Dos Santos, Dennyson Leandro M Fonseca, Igor Salerno Filgueiras, Caio Loureiro Salgado, Sandra Marcia Muxel, Otavio Cabral-Marques, Denise Morais da Fonseca, Flávio Vieira Loures, Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
Immune checkpoint pathways, i.e., coinhibitory pathways expressed as feedback following immune activation, are crucial for controlling an excessive immune response. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) are the central classical checkpoint inhibitory (CPI) molecules used for the control of neoplasms and some infectious diseases, including some fungal infections. As the immunosuppression of severe paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a chronic granulomatous fungal disease, was shown to be associated with the expression of coinhibitory molecules, we hypothesized that the inhibition of CTLA-4 and PD-1 could have a beneficial effect on pulmonary PCM...
2024: Frontiers in Immunology