post transcriptional

Harvest maturity significantly affects the quality of apple fruit in post-harvest storage process. Although the regulatory mechanisms underlying fruit ripening have been studied, the associated epigenetic modifications remain unclear. Thus, we compared the DNA methylation changes and the transcriptional responses of mature fruit (MF) and immature fruit (NF). There were significant correlations between DNA methylation and gene expression. Moreover, the sugar contents (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) were higher in MF than in NF, whereas the opposite pattern was detected for the starch content...

While diosgenin has been demonstrated effective in various cardiovascular diseases, its specific impact on treating heart attacks remains unclear. Our research revealed that diosgenin significantly improved cardiac function in a myocardial infarction (MI) mouse model, reducing cardiac fibrosis and cell apoptosis while promoting angiogenesis. Mechanistically, diosgenin upregulated the Hand2 expression, promoting the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells under hypoxic conditions. Acting as a transcription factor, HAND2 activated the angiogenesis-related gene Aggf1...

Activation of autophagy, a process of cellular stress response, leads to the breakdown of proteins, organelles, and other parts of the cell in lysosomes, and can be linked to several ailments, such as cancer, neurological diseases, and rare hereditary syndromes. Thus, its regulation is very carefully monitored. Transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms domestically or in whole organisms utilized to control the autophagic activity, have been heavily researched. In modern times, microRNAs (miRNAs) are being considered to have a part in post-translational orchestration of the autophagic activity, with miR-21 as one of the best studied miRNAs, it is often more than expressed in cancer cells...

Annual breast cancer (BCa) deaths have declined since its apex in 1989 concomitant with widespread adoption of hormone therapies that target estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), the prominent nuclear receptor expressed in ∼80% of BCa. However, up to ∼50% of ER + patients with high-risk disease experience post endocrine therapy relapse and metastasis to distant organs. The vast majority of BCa mortality occurs in this setting, highlighting the inadequacy of current therapies. Genomic abnormalities to ESR1, the gene encoding ERα, emerge under prolonged selective pressure to enable endocrine therapy resistance...

Embryos, originating from fertilized eggs, undergo continuous cell division and differentiation, accompanied by dramatic changes in transcription, translation, and metabolism. Chromatin regulators, including transcription factors (TFs), play indispensable roles in regulating these processes. Recently, the trophoblast regulator TFAP2C was identified as crucial in initiating early cell fate decisions. However, Tfap2c transcripts persist in both the inner cell mass and trophectoderm of blastocysts, prompting inquiry into Tfap2c's function in post-lineage establishment...

In this study, the toxicogenomic effects of five cytostatics (tamoxifen, methotrexate, capecitabine, cyclophosphamide, and ifosfamide) on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larvae were evaluated. Post-fertilization eggs were exposed to increasing concentrations of the drugs for six days. The expression levels of two genetic biomarkers for toxicity and four thyroid hormone-related gene pathways were measured. Interestingly, the results showed that all concentrations of the five cytostatics affect the transcription levels of both toxicity biomarker genes...

Loss of p21 leads to increased bone formation post-injury; however, the mechanism(s) by which this occurs remains undetermined. E2f1 is downstream of p21 and as a transcription factor can act directly on gene expression; yet it is unknown if E2f1 plays a role in the osteogenic effects observed when p21 is differentially regulated. In this study we aimed to investigate the interplay between p21 and E2f1 and determine if the pro-regenerative osteogenic effects observed with the loss of p21 are E2f1 dependent...

Myopia, the most prevalent eye condition, has sparked notable interest regarding its origin and prevention. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA strands typically consisting of 18-24 nucleotides. They play a central role in post-transcriptional gene regulation and are closely associated with both normal and pathological processes in organisms. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have provided novel insights into miRNA expression and its regulatory role in myopia. This review discusses the distinct expression patterns, regulatory functions, and potential pathways of miRNAs involved in the onset and progression of myopia...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Liver regeneration is essential for the preservation of homeostasis and survival. Bile acids (BAs)-mediated signaling is necessary for liver regeneration, but BAs levels need to be carefully controlled to avoid hepatotoxicity. We studied the early response of the BAs-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) axis in healthy individuals undergoing hepatectomy for living donor liver transplant. We also evaluated BAs synthesis in mice upon partial hepatectomy (PH) and acute inflammation, focusing on the regulation of cytochrome-7A1 (CYP7A1), a key enzyme in BAs synthesis from cholesterol...

Inhalation of crystalline silica dust induces incurable lung damage, silicosis and pulmonary fibrosis. However, the mechanisms of the lung injury remain poorly understood, with limited therapeutic options aside from lung transplantation. Post-translational modifications can regulate the function of proteins and play an important role in studying disease mechanisms. To investigate changes in post-translational modifications of proteins in silicosis, combined quantitative proteome, acetylome, and succinylome analyses were performed with lung tissues from silica-injured and healthy mice using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry...

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is pivotal in development, metabolic homeostasis, and immune responses. While recent research has highlighted AhR's significant role in modulating oxidative stress responses, its mechanistic relationship with ferroptosis-an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic cell death-remains to be fully elucidated. In our study, we discovered that AhR plays a crucial role in ferroptosis, in part by transcriptionally regulating the expression of the solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11)...

N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) is a mRNA modification with important roles in gene expression. In African trypanosomes, this post-transcriptional modification is detected in hundreds of transcripts and it affects the stability of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) transcript in the proliferating blood stream form. However, how the m6 A landscape varies across the life cycle remains poorly defined. Using full-length, non-fragmented RNA, we immunoprecipitated and sequenced m6 A-modified transcripts across three life cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei - slender (proliferative), stumpy (quiescent), and procyclic forms (proliferative)...

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to a chronic impairing psychiatric disorder occurring after exposure to the severe traumatic event. Studies have demonstrated that medicinal cannabis oil plays an important role in neuroprotection, but the mechanism by which it exerts anti-PTSD effects remains unclear. METHODS: The chronic complex stress (CCS) simulating the conditions of long voyage stress for 4 weeks was used to establish the PTSD mice model...

The diversity and dynamics of proteins play essential roles in maintaining the basic constructions and functions of cells. The abundance of functional proteins is regulated by the transcription and translation processes, while the alternative splicing enables the same gene to generate distinct protein isoforms of different lengths. Beyond the transcriptional and translational regulations, post-translational modifications (PTMs) are able to further expand the diversity and functional scope of proteins. PTMs have been shown to make significant changes in the surface charges, structures, activation states, and interactome of proteins...

The modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential post-translational modification common in metazoans. O-GlcNAc is cycled on and off proteins in response to environmental and physiological stimuli impacting protein function, which, in turn, tunes pathways that include transcription, translation, proteostasis, signal transduction, and metabolism. One class of stimulus that induces rapid and dynamic changes to O-GlcNAc is cellular injury, resulting from environmental stress (for instance, heat shock), hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, ischemia reperfusion injury (heart attack, stroke, trauma hemorrhage), and sepsis...

Cytidine acetylation (ac4C) of RNA is a post-transcriptional modification catalyzed by Nat10. Recently, an approach termed RedaC:T was employed to map ac4C in human mRNA, relying on detection of C>T mutations in WT but not in Nat10-KO cells. RedaC:T suggested widespread ac4C presence. Here, we reanalyze RedaC:T data. We find that mismatch signatures are not reproducible, as C>T mismatches are nearly exclusively present in only one of two biological replicates. Furthermore, all mismatch types-not only C>T-are highly enriched in WT samples, inconsistent with an acetylation signature...

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic malignancy with a high relapse rate and progressive drug resistance. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) contributes to post-transcriptional dysregulation, but little is known about the association between APA and AML. The APA quantitative trait locus (apaQTL) is a powerful method to investigate the relationship between APA and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We quantified APA usage in 195 Chinese AML patients and identified 4922 cis-apaQTLs related to 1875 genes, most of which were newly reported...

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is identified as the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the ongoing global coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to elucidate potential therapeutic avenues by scrutinizing approved drugs through the identification of the genetic signature associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with asthma. This exploration was conducted through an integrated analysis, encompassing interaction networks between the ACE2 receptor and common host (co-host) factors implicated in COVID-19/asthma comorbidity...

The remarkable efficacy of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) specific T-cells for the treatment of post-transplant lymphomas (PTLD) has not been reproduced for EBV+ malignancies outside the transplant setting. This is due in part to the heterogeneous expression and poor immunogenicity of the viral antigens expressed, namely LMPs 1 and 2, EBNA1, and BARF1 (type-2 (T2) latency). However, EBV lytic cycle proteins are also expressed in certain EBV+ malignancies, and since several EBV lytic cycle proteins are abundantly expressed, have oncogenic activity, and likely contribute to malignancy, we sought and identified viral lytic-cycle transcripts in EBV+ Hodgkin's lymphoma biopsies...

Differential expression of 128 known and 111 novel miRNAs in the panicle of Nagina 22 under terminal drought stress targeting transcription factors, stress-associated genes, etc., enhances drought tolerance and helps sustain agronomic performance under terminal drought stress. Drought tolerance is a complex multigenic trait, wherein the genes are fine-tuned by coding and non-coding components in mitigating deleterious effects. MicroRNA (miRNA) controls gene expression at post-transcriptional level either by cleaving mRNA (transcript) or by suppressing its translation...