Relative energy deficiency in sport

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major impacts in various aspects of our life. In Malaysia, a Movement Control Order was imposed in March 2020. For almost two years, school going children and adolescents were not able to attend school physically, and their physical activity was confined within their room or house on most days. Case Description . We describe a case of a 14-year-old boy who was previously active in sports and sustained a low trauma fracture at the right neck of the femur following a prolonged period of extreme sedentary life along with poor dietary intake during the COVID-19 pandemic period...

Research on lean, energy-deficient athletic and military cohorts has broadened the concept of the Female Athlete Triad into the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) syndrome. REDs represents a spectrum of abnormalities induced by low energy availability (LEA), which serves as the underlying cause of all symptoms described within the REDs concept, affecting exercising populations of either biological sex. Both short- and long-term LEA, in conjunction with other moderating factors, may produce a multitude of maladaptive changes that impair various physiological systems and adversely affect health, well-being, and sport performance...

Low energy availability (LEA) has been associated with several physiological consequences, but its impact on sleep has not been sufficiently investigated, especially in the context of young athletes. This study examined the potential association between energy availability (EA) status and objective sleep quality in 42 male rugby players (mean age: 16.2 ± 0.8 years) during a 7-day follow-up with fixed sleep schedules in the midst of an intensive training phase. Participants' energy intake was weighed and recorded...

Relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) is a potentially severe, challenging, broad-spectrum syndrome with potential negative health and performance outcomes. The numerous research publications and International Olympic Committee consensus statements relating to REDs testify to the challenges faced in early identification or screening, diagnosis and management. Like sport, dance, in its simplest form, can be identified as an activity resulting in physiological energy demands and, as such, requires appropriate energy availability concerning energy expenditures...

Wrestlers have a risk of relative energy deficiency in sports because they believe that they can gain an advantage over their opponents by temporarily adopting weight-making strategies even women. However, precise methods of making weight and the effect of manipulating body mass (BM) on health and performance in female wrestlers have not been reported. Our study aimed to report a case of weight making in a world-class female wrestler, who won the world competition seven times in 5-y and had oligomenorrhea. We obtained the BM, blood, urine, and saliva samples, hand grip strength, subjective condition a month before the match (baseline), and 3-d before the match (day-3), and food and physical activity records during baseline and 10 d before the competition...

The female athlete triad (TRIAD) is a spectrum of disorders involving low energy availability (LEA), low bone mineral density, and menstrual disorders. It is increasingly common to use the term 'relative energy deficiency in sport' (RED), emphasising the extensive impact of LEA on the body. The aim of this narrative review was to gather original research encompassing female athletes across various sports as well as to collect findings on the potential of a nutrition-focused approach to prevent or treat the aforementioned disorders...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition knowledge influences adequate dietary intake in athletes. Inadequate dietary intakes can result in low energy availability (LEA) which can lead to relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). To date, there is little information on the relationship between nutrition knowledge and the risk of LEA in female team sport athletes. This study investigates if general and sports nutrition knowledge are associated with the risk of LEA in female team athletes. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used...

BACKGROUND: Energy availability (EA) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) are understudied in East African endurance athletes, both females (F) and males (M). This study assessed the metabolic hormonal profiles of such athletes relative to their EA status. METHODS: Forty athletes (F=16, M=24) had their EA status, training, maximal oxygen uptake, and resting blood samples assessed using standard research practices. Subjects were stratified into two groups, high EA (HiEA) and low EA (LoEA) based on combined median value...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This study aimed to provide an overview of some of the medical concerns surrounding the care of the pediatric endurance athletes and add to the limited literature specific to the pediatric endurance athlete. RECENT FINDINGS: Endurance athletes are at risk for overtraining, relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S), overuse injuries, nutritional deficiencies, and sleep dysfunction. Youth runners and female endurance athletes are particularly high-risk populations for RED-S; nutritional deficiencies and their care should involve thoughtful mitigation of modifiable risk factors...

Longitudinal measurements of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) among adolescent male elite athletes are lacking. We aimed to monitor REDs indicators and their possible impact on performance in elite high-school cross-country skiing and biathlon athletes ( n = 13) (16.3 ± 0.4 years, 179.4 ± 7.6 cm, 63.6 ± 8.2 kg body mass (BM), and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ): 61.5 ± 5.3 mL/kg BM/min) every 6 months for 3 years. Protocols included assessments of energy availability (EA), body composition and bone mineral density (BMD), resting metabolic rate (RMR), disordered eating behavior, exercise addiction, VO2peak , and muscle strength...

PURPOSE: Oral contraceptives (OCs) are commonly used by female athletes raising concerns regarding the possible adverse effects of OCs on physical performance, musculoskeletal injuries, and bone density. We aimed to review all current studies on the physiological effects of OCs in physically active women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of literature in electronic search in PubMed and Google Scholar databases from December 2002 to December 2022 using relevant keywords...

Equestrian sport is under-researched within the sport science literature, creating a possible knowledge vacuum for athletes and support personnel wishing to train and perform in an evidence-based manner. This review aims to synthesise available evidence from equitation, sport, and veterinary sciences to describe the pertinent rider physiology of equestrian disciplines. Estimates of energy expenditure and the contribution of underpinning energy systems to equestrian performance are used to provide nutrition and hydration recommendations for competition and training in equestrian disciplines...

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) are challenging owing to variations in symptoms and the absence of specific guidelines. This study aimed to investigate differences in the diagnosis and follow-up of RED-S, its consequences, and related factors among sports medicine physicians with different backgrounds in Japan and the USA and examine the differences between the two countries. METHODS: An anonymous survey regarding the diagnosis and treatment processes of RED-S was distributed to sports medicine physicians via email...

BACKGROUND: Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) describe potential health and performance consequences of low energy availability. OBJECTIVE: We surveyed female cross-country athletes to assess differences in educational impact scores (knowledge score * confidence score factor, EIS) of Triad and REDs. Associations between EIS and participant characteristics [e.g., mileage (current and peak), years of running experience, age, bone stress injury history, division level participation, academic area of study, Triad or REDs diagnoses, and Triad or REDs education] were explored...

PURPOSE: Over a 10-year time frame, this study aimed to evaluate diagnosis, treatment, and referral trends for adolescent runners seeking care for running-related injuries (RRIs) at a clinic that specializes in running medicine. METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review of 392 adolescent runners (2,326 encounters) who sought care for RRIs between the years 2011 and 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize clinical assessments, referrals, assistive devices, and medications prescribed or administered overall and by injury type...

Sports medicine, as a classical cross-sectional subject, includes diverse topics which show gender-specific differences and thus require a differentiated consideration. Evidence-based research exists in the field of musculoskeletal medicine, for example, in relation to cruciate ligament injuries or concussions. Marked differences in trainability (both muscular and cardiac or pulmonary) are also emerging. Pregnancy and sport is also a topic of increasing interest. Close interdisciplinary care of female athletes, knowledge of physiological changes during pregnancy and contraindications to sports activity (especially with higher intensity) are essential here...

OBJECTIVE: To summarize and describe risk factors for running-related injuries (RRIs) among high school and collegiate cross-country runners. DESIGN: Descriptive systematic review. LITERATURE SEARCH: Four databases (Scopus, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Cochrane) were searched from inception to August 2023. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies assessing RRI risk factors in high school or collegiate runners using a prospective design with at least 1 season of follow-up were included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Results across each study for a given risk factor were summarized and described...