Psychiatry Psychology Behavior Psychopharmacology

BACKGROUND: Predicting adverse events from past experience is fundamental for many biological organisms. However, some individuals suffer from maladaptive memories that impair behavioral control and well-being, e.g., after psychological trauma. Inhibiting the formation and maintenance of such memories would have high clinical relevance. Previous preclinical research has focused on systemically administered pharmacological interventions, which cannot be targeted to specific neural circuits in humans...

Patients with mental disorders have an increased risk to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD), and CVD are frequently comorbid with especially adjustment, anxiety and depressive disorders. Therefore, clinicians need to be aware of effective and safe psychological and pharmacological treatment strategies for patients with comorbid CVD and mental disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy and third-wave of cognitive-behavioral therapy are effective for patients with CVD and mental disorders. Internet-based psychological treatments may also be considered...

Objective: This study in Spain, Argentina, and Venezuela included 212 schizophrenia outpatients prescribed 387 psychiatric medications and 1,160 other psychiatric outpatients prescribed 2,067 medications. Methods: Logistic regression models included adherence for each psychiatric medication, measured by the Sidorkiewicz Adherence Tool, as the dependent variable. The models provided adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of dichotomous independent variables: 1) clinical variables, 2) subscales from the Patient Health Beliefs Questionnaire on Psychiatric Treatment (presence/absence of pharmacophobia and pharmacophilia and high/low psychological reactance, internal health locus of control [HLOC] and doctor's HLOC) and 3) presence/absence of skepticism toward each medication measured by the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ)...

End of life and palliative care has improved in recent decades but the psychopharmacological options available to clinicians and patients in these contexts remain limited. In particular, psychological factors such as depression, existential distress, and well-being remain challenging to address with current medications. Here, we review recent research on the use of psychedelics in clinical settings with a particular focus on patients with life-threatening diagnoses. We propose that psychedelics may provide clinicians with an additional psychopharmacological treatment in the context of end of life and palliative care...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a host of psychiatric and neurobehavioral problems. As mortality rates have declined for severe TBI, attention has turned to the cognitive, affective, and behavioral sequelae of injuries across the severity spectrum, which are often more disabling than residual physical effects. Moderate and severe TBI can cause personality changes including impulsivity, severe irritability, affective instability, and apathy. Mild TBI, once considered a largely benign phenomenon, is now known to be associated with a range of affective symptoms, with suicidality, and with worsening or new onset of several psychiatric disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder...

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: Dysfunction of cognitive schemas and addictive behaviors are often coexisting which can cause relapse during drug treatment. The objective of this study is to assess early maladaptive schemas (EMS) among heroin users and their relationship with relapse during methadone maintenance treatment. SUBJECT AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study carried out on 166 heroin users treated with methadone at the medico-psychological center in northern Morocco during 2017...

OBJECTIVES: Body expression of mental disorders is common in adolescence. Only two literature reviews over the last five years have been identified about somatoform disorders in children., The present article provides a systematic review of articles in English, which concern "Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders" according to the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - 5th Edition) among adolescents. METHODS: The article search was made on Medline, Psychinfo, Google Scholar, BiomedCentral, Central and tripdatabase (for grey literature) according to PRISMA criteria and with the items "somatoform disorders" or "somatic symptom disorders"...

Stress often affects eating behaviors, leading to increased eating in some individuals and decreased eating in others. Identifying physiological and psychological factors that determine the direction of eating responses to stress has been a major goal of epidemiological and clinical studies. However, challenges of standardizing the stress exposure in humans hinder efforts to uncover the underlying mechanisms. The issue of what determines the direction of stress-induced feeding responses has not been directly addressed in animal models, but assays that combine stress with a feeding-related task are commonly used as readouts of other behaviors, such as anxiety...

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and debilitating relapsing-remitting mood disorder, characterized by psychological, cognitive, and behavioral disturbances. The assessment of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with MDD has increasingly become a topic of concern in recent years. AIMS: To pool and compare the characteristics of various cognition evaluation tools. METHOD: Overview of recent research in application of computerized cognitive test battery in MDD...

BACKGROUND: Disorders of mental health are major risk factors for suicidal behavior and require adequate treatment. However, the effect of psychotropic medication on suicidal behavior is unclear. METHODS: The 120 participants in a randomized clinical trial of a brief therapy for suicide attempters (Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program, ASSIP) reported on repeated suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, depression, and medication in the treatment as usual (TAU), at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months follow-up...

BACKGROUND: In the fields of psychology and psychiatry, the use of the terms impulsivity, sensation-seeking and ordalie to refer to risk-taking behaviors can sometimes be confusing. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to establish a clinical definition of the concepts of ordalie, sensation-seeking and impulsivity, in order to analyze the similarities and differences between these concepts. METHODS: We prioritized literature review articles with or without meta-analysis from the Medline database and supplemented with the Google-Scholar database...

Despite significant advances in psychiatric and psychological treatment over the last 30 years, suicide deaths have increased. Unfortunately, neuroscience insights have yielded few translational interventions that specifically target suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In our view, this is attributable to two factors. The first factor is our limited integration of neurocircuitry models with contemporary suicide theory. The second challenge is inherent to the variable nature of suicide risk over time. Few interventional neuroscience studies evaluate how temporal fluctuations in risk affect treatment, despite evidence that temporality is a key component distinguishing suicide phenotypes...

Novel CoronaVirus Disease (COVID-19) has begun to expand swiftly beyond all borders and turned into a global source of infection for humans in that all media corporations began to repeatedly share breaking news to release the latest data of all countries. The consequence of that has been a heightened level of anxiety among humans and opting for unorthodox consumption behaviors as consumers. In this study the attempt was to analyze human behaviors during the ongoing pandemic process from the perspective of psychology and marketing fields of science...

INTRODUCTION: Acceptance of the rape myths (ARM) refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes that tend to make women responsible for rapes or sexual assaults, and to rationalize, minimize or justify the behaviors of sexual offenders. ARM can also promote intimate partner violence (spousal rape). Domestic violence is generally associated with an insecure attachment style (avoidant or ambivalent) in both perpetrators and victims. The attachment insecurity of perpetrators of spousal violence can favor the use of violence against partners...

Stress and low mood are powerful triggers for compulsive overeating, a maladaptive form of eating leading to negative physical and mental health consequences. Stress-vulnerable individuals, such as people with obesity, are particularly prone to overconsumption of high energy foods and may use it as a coping mechanism for general life stressors. Recent advances in the treatment of obesity and related co-morbidities have focused on the therapeutic potential of anorexigenic gut hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), which acts both peripherally and centrally to reduce energy intake...

The pressing need for more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of treatments for childhood mental disorders has been emphasized by researchers and clinicians as well as in recent commentaries in JCPP (e.g. Stringaris, 2014). Despite the significant increase in research on aetiology, course and antecedents of developmental psychopathology more generally, and the numerous important discoveries that have been made in this domain in the last two decades, the translation of these findings into clinical practice has lagged behind (Insel and Gotay, 2014)...

The DSM provides distinct criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and various types of anxiety disorders, but phenomenological overlap, high rates of comorbidity, and early onset suggest common underlying mechanisms. This notion is further supported by use of the same treatments-cognitive behavioral therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication-for managing both OCD and non-OCD anxiety disorders in clinical settings. While early intervention with these gold standard treatments is recommended for pediatric OCD and anxiety disorders, young patients often remain symptomatic even after treatment...

Bipolar disorder is a mental health disorder characterized by extreme shifts in mood, high suicide rate, sleep problems, and dysfunction of psychological traits like self-esteem (feeling inferior when depressed and superior when manic). Bipolar disorder is rare among populations that have not adopted contemporary Western lifestyles, which supports the hypothesis that bipolar disorder results from a mismatch between Homo sapiens's evolutionary and current environments. Recent studies have connected bipolar disorder with low-grade inflammation, the malfunctioning of the internal clock, and the resulting sleep disturbances...

Geriatric patients with dementia frequently present with agitation, aggression, psychosis, and other behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). We present an update of our previously published algorithms for the use of psychopharmacologic agents in these patients taking into account more recent studies and findings in meta-analyses, reviews, and other published algorithms. We propose three algorithms: BPSD in an emergent, urgent, and non-urgent setting. In the emergent setting when intramuscular (IM) administration is necessary, the first-line recommendation is for olanzapine (since IM aripiprazole, previously favored, is no longer available) and haloperidol injection is the second choice, followed by possible consideration of an IM benzodiazepine...

BACKGROUND: Internet is being used extensively throughout the world from last decade. In India internet service has entered into new generation called 4G. Medical students are particularly vulnerable group for problematic internet use on account of the time they spend online. This might have negative effects on their physical, psychological and social health. Hence they are more prone to internet addiction. AIMS: To compare use and effect of internet service among medical students before and after the availability of 4G service...