profound neuromuscular blockade and surgery

Sugammadex, marketed as Bridion™, is an approved cyclodextrin (CD) based drug for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in adults undergoing surgery. Sugammadex forms an inclusion complex with the neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) rocuronium, allowing rapid reversal of muscle paralysis. In silico methods have been developed for studying CD inclusion complexes, aimed at accurately predicting their structural, energetic, dynamic, and kinetic properties, as well as binding constants. Here, a computational study aimed at characterizing the sugammadex-rocuronium system from the perspective of docking calculations, free molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and biased metadynamics simulations with potential of mean force (PMF) calculations is presented...

We present an update of the 2020 Recommendations on neuromuscular blockade of the SEDAR. The previous ones dated 2009. A modified Delphi consensus analysis (experts, working group, and previous extensive bibliographic revision) 10 recommendations were produced1 : neuromuscular blocking agents were recommended for endotracheal intubation and to avoid faringo-laryngeal and tracheal lesions, including critical care patients.2 We recommend not to use neuromuscular blocking agents for routine insertion of supraglotic airway devices, and to use it only in cases of airway obstruction or endotracheal intubation through the device...

BACKGROUND: With increasing use, the incidence of adverse events associated with sugammadex, a neuromuscular blockade reverser, is increasing. This study aimed to identify and analyze cases of adverse events caused by sugammadex reported in Korean population. METHODS: Out of a total of 12 cases detected using various keywords in the Korean Journal of Anesthesia, Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Seoul), KoreaMed, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library-CENTRAL from 2013 to December 2020, 10 cases directly associated with sugammadex were selected...

BACKGROUND: Profound neuromuscular block (NMB) is important in surgeries where complete immobility is considered essential to improve tracheal intubation and surgical conditions. Rocuronium bromide is a commonly used NMB agent. This work describes a noninvasive approach for estimation of post-tetanic count (PTC) based on two pharmacokinetic (PK) models, the Saldien and the De Haes models. The aim was to investigate the rocuronium bromide PK-pharmacodynamic (PD) relationship in estimating the PTC effect during profound NMB...

A bedridden patient with empyema presented for thoracoscopic decortication. During the procedure, despite a post-tetanic count (PTC) of 0 via calibrated quantitative neuromuscular monitoring, persistent diaphragmatic movement impaired operating conditions, so rocuronium was re-dosed. After surgery, the patient had 0 PTC. Sugammadex was titrated to achieve baseline neuromuscular strength, monitoring the effect of each 200-mg dose. Ultimately, 1200 mg was required to achieve baseline strength. We describe monitor troubleshooting, considerations with unexpectedly deep neuromuscular blockade, the importance of routine quantitative neuromuscular monitoring, and one strategy for sugammadex reversal in patients with profound paralysis outside of the standard dosing guidelines...

Muscle relaxation induced by neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) is necessary for tracheal intubation and immobilization during surgery. Although acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have been successfully used as antagonists for NMBAs, they have their limitations; their effects are transient and ineffective against profound neuromuscular blockade. In the past, alternative antagonists were developed, such as germine and 4-aminopyridine, which are effective for the treatment of diseases causing muscle weakness and could potentially be used as antagonists for NMBAs...

BACKGROUND: Profound neuromuscular blockade (NMB) during anaesthesia has been shown to reduce postoperative pain scores, when compared with a moderate block. We hypothesised that profound NMB during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) could also improve the early quality of recovery after surgery. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of profound versus moderate NMB during LDN in enhancing postoperative recovery. DESIGN: A phase IV, double-blinded, randomised controlled trial...

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sugammadex in reversing profound neuromuscular block induced by rocuronium in infant patients. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-six infants (2-12 months of age; 3-11 kg) with an American Society of Anesthesiologists classification I, II, or III who were scheduled to undergo neurosurgical procedures were included in the study...

BACKGROUND: Succinylcholine is commonly used to achieve profound neuromuscular blockade of rapid onset and short duration. OBJECTIVE: The present study compared the efficacy of pregabalin for prevention of succinylcholine-induced fasciculation and myalgia. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients of both genders undergoing elective spine surgery were randomly assigned to two groups...

BACKGROUND: Succinylcholine is commonly used to achieve profound neuromuscular blockade of rapid onset and short duration. OBJECTIVE: The present study compared the efficacy of pregabalin for prevention of succinylcholine-induced fasciculation and myalgia. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients of both genders undergoing elective spine surgery were randomly assigned to two groups...

BACKGROUND: Nonintubated patients receiving sevoflurane have slower protective airway reflex recovery after anesthesia compared with patients receiving desflurane. We asked whether this difference would remain significant among intubated patients receiving rocuronium or whether the impact of variable neuromuscular recovery would predominate and thus minimize differences between anesthetics. METHODS: After obtaining written informed consent, patients were randomly assigned to receive sevoflurane (n = 41) or desflurane (n = 40), with neuromuscular monitoring by quantitative train-of-four (TOF) method using accelerometry...

BACKGROUND: Renal failure affects the pharmacology of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers making recovery of neuromuscular function unpredictable. Sugammadex antagonises rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by encapsulating rocuronium, creating a stable complex molecule that is mainly excreted by the kidneys. Previous studies suggest that sugammadex is effective in reversing moderate neuromuscular block in the presence of renal failure, but no data are available regarding reversal of profound neuromuscular block in patients with renal failure...

Intra-operative nerve monitoring (IONM) is rapidly becoming a standard of care in many institutions across the country. In the absence of neuromuscular blocking agents to facilitate the IONM, the depth of anesthesia required to abolish the laryngo tracheal reflexes often results in profound hemodynamic instability during surgery, necessitating the use of large doses of sympathomimetic amines. The excessive alpha and beta adrenergic effects exhibited by these agents are undesirable in the presence of cardiovascular co-morbidities...

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether sugammadex could reverse neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium in patients for cesarean delivery treated with magnesium sulfate preoperatively. METHODS: Twenty-three pregnant women received general anesthesia induced with thiopental and rocuronium. They were maintained by nitrous oxide, oxygen and sevoflurane (GOS) before delivery and after delivery by GOS, midazolam, and propofol. After the surgery, the patients with two or more counts of train-of-four (TOF), the moderate block group were classified into Mg (-) M and Mg (+) M, depending whether magnesium sulfate had been injected or not, and sugammadex 2 mg x kg(-1) was administered to both groups...

BACKGROUND: Morbidly obese (MO) patients are at increased risk for postoperative anesthesia-related complications. We evaluated the role of sugammadex versus neostigmine in the quality of recovery from profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade (NMB) in patients with morbid obesity. METHODS: We studied 40 female MO patients who received desflurane and remifentanil anesthesia for laparoscopic removal of adjustable gastric banding. NMB was achieved with rocuronium...

Recently, rocuronium is being used in patients for caesarean section undergoing general anesthesia instead of suxamethonium. An increased dose of rocuronium improves intubating conditions but prolongs neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex reverses rapidly and predictably even profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade. We experienced 13 cases of caesarean section patients undergoing general anesthesia with thiopental (3.5 mg x kg(-1)) and rocuronium (0.9 mg x kg(-1)). At the end of surgery, sugammadex (2 mg x kg(-1)) was administered every 3 minutes repeatedly until TOF>0...

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex is the first of a new class of selective relaxant binding drugs developed for the rapid and complete reversal of neuromuscular blockade (NMB) induced by the aminosteroid neuromuscular blocking drugs rocuronium and vecuronium. Neuromuscular blocking drugs block the transmission from the peripheral nerve to the muscle units, with reduction and disappearance of the evoked electromyographic activity. Usually, neuromuscular monitoring for the investigational reversal drug is performed by calibrated acceleromyography...

To date, the dosing of sugammadex is based on real body weight without taking fat content into account. We compared the reversal of profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in morbidly obese patients using doses of sugammadex based on four different weight corrections. One hundred morbidly obese patients, scheduled for laparoscopic bariatric surgery under propofol-sufentanil anaesthesia, were randomly assigned four groups: ideal body weight; ideal body weight + 20%; ideal body weight + 40%; and real body weight...

According to published data, sugammadex, rapidly reverses (2-5 min) shallow and profound NM block induced by rocuronium and vecuronium, without being connected with serious adverse events. It is accepted that in order to reverse shallow block, the suggested dose of sugammadex comes up to 2 mg/kg. Profound level of NM block demands 4 mg/kg in order to defy few responses at the post titanic count. Doses of sugammadex lower than 1 mg/kg may lead to rebound of rocuronium's effect. Higher doses of sugammadex (12 16 mg/g) are used in rescue reversal...

BACKGROUND: This study compared the reversibility of rocuronium-induced profound neuromuscular block with sugammadex in younger and older patients. METHODS: Fifteen younger (20-50 yr) and 15 older (≥70 yr) patients were sequentially enrolled in this study. After induction of anaesthesia and laryngeal mask insertion, contraction of the adductor pollicis muscle in response to ulnar nerve stimulation was quantified using acceleromyography during 1.0-1.5% end-tidal sevoflurane and remifentanil anaesthesia...