Pulmonary fibrosis cancer pharmacology

Notch pathway is a widely observed signaling system that holds pivotal functions in regulating various developmental cellular functions and operations. The Notch signaling mechanism is crucial for lung homeostasis, damage, and restoration. Based on increasing evidence, the Notch pathway has been identified, as critical for fibrosis and subsequently, the development of chronic fibroproliferative conditions in various organs and tissues. Recent research indicates that deregulation of Notch signaling correlates with the pathogenesis of significant pulmonary conditions, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), lung carcinoma, and pulmonary abnormalities in some hereditary disorders...

PURPOSE: Alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer and promotes cancer progression. Alcohol exposure could affect both processes of the mammary carcinogenesis, namely, the cell transformation and onset of tumorigenesis as well as cancer aggressiveness including metastasis and drug resistance/recurrence. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol tumor promotion remain unclear. There are four members of the mammalian p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, namely, p38α, p38β, p38γ and p38δ...

BACKGROUND: Nobiletin is a natural polymethoxylated flavonoid widely present in citrus fruit peels. It has been demonstrated to exert the effects of anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and improve cardiovascular function. Increasing evidences suggest that nobiletin plays an important role in respiratory diseases (RDs) treatment. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of nobiletin against RDs, such as lung cancer, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, pulmonary infection, acute lung injury, coronavirus disease 2019, and pulmonary arterial hypertension...

Cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases have become the major disease endangering people's physical and mental health because of its high morbidity and mortality. Danggui Buxue Decoction, a noteworthy classical prescription, is composed of astragali radix and angelicae sinensis radix at a ratio of 5꞉1. It is a prescription for tonifying both vital energy and blood and has the effect of dredging collaterals. Its main active components, such as polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids and volatile oils, have good effects on antioxidation, inflammation regulation, immune regulation and promotion of blood circulation...

Pulmonary disorders, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lung cancer, seriously impair the quality of lives of patients. A deeper understanding of the occurrence and development of the above diseases may inspire new strategies to remedy the scarcity of treatments. Type I protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) can affect processes of inflammation, airway remodeling, fibroblast proliferation, mitochondrial mass, and epithelial dysfunction through substrate methylation and non-enzymatic activity, thus affecting the occurrence and development of asthma, COPD, lung cancer, PF, and PH...

Background: The etiological underpinnings of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remain elusive, coupled with a scarcity of effective therapeutic interventions for IPF. Angelicae sinensis radix (ASR, also named Danggui) is a Chinese herb with potential anti-fibrotic properties, that holds promise as a therapeutic agent for IPF. Objective: This study seeks to elucidate the causal interplay and potential mechanisms underlying the coexistence of GERD and IPF. Furthermore, it aims to investigate the regulatory effect of ASR on this complex relationship...

Methotrexate (MTX) is an indispensable drug used for the treatment of many autoimmune and cancerous diseases. However, its clinical use is associated with serious side effects, such as lung fibrosis. The main objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that hydroxytyrosol (HT) can mitigate MTX-induced lung fibrosis in rats while synergizing MTX anticancer effects. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in the rats using MTX (14 mg/kg/week, per os (p.o.)). The rats were treated with or without HT (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg/d p...

Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a multifunctional carbohydrate-binding lectin, has emerged as a key player in various biological processes including inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and fibrotic disorders, however it remains unclear if Gal-3 is a bystander or drives lung tissue remodeling (LTR). Persistent exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is the leading cause of oxidative and inflammatory damage to the lung tissues. CS-induced pathological increase in Gal-3 expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various respiratory conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and lung cancer...

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved eukaryotic enzyme discovered as a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, with anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, anticancer, and antifibrosis beneficial effects. AMPK is dysregulated in human pulmonary diseases such as acute lung injury, nonsmall cell lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. This review provides an overview of the beneficial role of natural, synthetic, and Chinese traditional medicines AMPK modulators in pulmonary diseases, and highlights the role of the AMPK signaling pathway in the lung, emphasizing the importance of finding lead compounds and drugs that can target and modulate AMPK to treat the lung diseases...

Palliative care has emerged as a crucial aspect of comprehensive healthcare, particularly in respiratory medicine. This review navigates the intricate landscape of palliative care in the context of respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and lung cancer. The exploration begins with a comprehensive examination of palliative care's definition, significance, and purpose in respiratory medicine. It progresses to understanding common respiratory diseases, their impact on patients' quality of life, and the nuances of disease progression and prognosis...

Diabetes mellitus results in numerous complications. Diabetic pulmonary fibrosis (DPF), a late pulmonary complication of diabetes, has not attracted as much attention as diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy. Mangiferin (MF) is a natural small molecular compound that exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and anti-fibrosis effects. In this study, we investigated whether long-term diabetes shock induces DPF, and explored whether MF had a protective effect against DPF...

Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) are severe adverse effects that define the maximum tolerated dose of a cancer drug. In addition to the specific mechanisms of each drug, common contributing factors include inflammation, apoptosis, ion imbalances, and tissue-specific enzyme deficiencies. Among various DLTs are bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity, vincristine-induced neurotoxicity, paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy, and irinotecan, which elicits severe diarrhea...

Discoidin domain receptors (DDR) play crucial roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. When DDRs are overexpressed, it has been associated with various diseases such as cancers, fibrotic disorders, and inflammation. This study aimed to expand on previous research by using a structure-based drug design approach to develop a series of new indole-urea derivatives as potent inhibitors of DDR1. Through biochemical analyses, it was found that these compounds effectively inhibited DDR1/2, with compound 7s demonstrating the highest activity against A549 cells (IC50 value of 1...

Lung cancer stands as one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, bearing the highest morbidity and mortality rates among all malignant tumors. The treatment of lung cancer primarily encompasses surgical procedures, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, which are fraught with significant side effects, unfavorable prognoses, and a heightened risk of metastasis and relapse. Although targeted therapy and immunotherapy have gradually gained prominence in lung cancer treatment, diversifying the array of available methods, the overall recovery and survival rates for lung cancer patients remain suboptimal...

Asthma, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and COVID-19 are few examples of inflammatory lung conditions that cause cytokine release syndrome. It can initiate a widespread inflammatory response and may activate several inflammatory pathways that cause multiple organ failures leading to increased number of deaths and increased prevalence rates around the world. Nanotechnology-based therapeutic modalities such as nanoparticles, liposomes, nanosuspension, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines can be used in the effective treatment of inflammatory lung diseases at both cellular and molecular levels...

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional phosphorylated protein that is involved in physiological and pathological events. Emerging evidence suggests that OPN also plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. OPN can be produced and secreted by various cell types in lungs and overexpression of OPN has been found in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), pulmonary hypertension (PH), pulmonary fibrosis diseases, lung cancer, lung infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma...

Exposure to nickel, an environmental respiratory toxicant, is associated with lung diseases including asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchitis and cancers. Our previous studies have shown that a majority of the nickel-induced transcriptional changes are persistent and do not reverse even after the termination of exposure. This suggested transcriptional memory, wherein the cell 'remembers' past nickel exposure. Transcriptional memory, due to which the cells respond more robustly to a previously encountered stimulus has been identified in a number of organisms...

The lungs are important organs that play a critical role in the development of specific diseases, as well as responding to the effects of drugs, chemicals, and environmental pollutants. Due to the ethical concerns around animal testing, alternative methods have been sought which are more time-effective, do not pose ethical issues for animals, do not involve species differences, and provide easy investigation of the pathobiology of lung diseases. Several national and international organizations are working to accelerate the development and implementation of structurally and functionally complex tissue models as alternatives to animal testing, particularly for the lung...

Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease characterized by progressive scar formation and the ultimate manifestation of numerous lung diseases. It is known as "cancer that is not cancer" and has attracted widespread attention. However, its formation process is very complex, and the mechanism of occurrence has not been fully elucidated. Current research has found that TRPA1 may be a promising target in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The TRPA1 channel was first successfully isolated in human lung fibroblasts, and it was found to have a relatively concentrated distribution in the lungs and respiratory tract...

Uncontrolled inflammation leads to nonspecific destruction and remodeling of tissues and can contribute to many human pathologies, including pulmonary diseases. Stimulation of inflammatory resolution is considered an important process that protects against the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases. Resolvins generated from essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been demonstrated to be signaling molecules in inflammation with important pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory capabilities. By binding to specific receptors, resolvins can modulate inflammatory processes such as neutrophil migration, macrophage phagocytosis and the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators to reduce inflammatory pathologies...