γ－carotene

The study of the yeasts that inhabit cold environments, such as Antarctica, is an active field of investigation oriented toward understanding their ecological roles in these ecosystems. In a great part, the interest in cold-adapted yeasts is due to several industrial and biotechnological applications that have been described for them. The aim of this work was to isolate and identify yeasts from sedimentary rock samples collected at the Union Glacier, Antarctica. Furthermore, the yeasts were physiologically characterized, including the production of metabolites of biotechnological interest...

The objective of this study was to evaluate a waste, waste cooking oil (WCO) as substrate for carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in shake flask culture. WCO was found to be a useful substrate for carotene production. B. trispora formed only pellets during fermentation. The oxidative stress in B. trispora induced by hydroperoxides and BHT as evidenced by increase of the specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased significantly the production of carotenes. The highest concentration of carotenes (2021 ± 75 mg/l or 49...

The red yeast Sporobolomyces ruberrimus H110 was able to use glycerol as a carbon source. The highest concentration (0.51gL(-1)) and productivity (0.0064gL(-1)h(-1)) of carotenoids were achieved when raw glycerol from biodiesel production, containing around 1gL(-1) of fatty acids, was used as the carbon source, which represented increases of 27% and 1.5×, respectively, in relation to pure glycerol. Mass spectrometry analysis led to the identification of four carotenoids in the fermented samples, torularhodin, torulene, β-carotene and γ-carotene...

The γ-carotenoids, such as myxol and saproxanthin, have a high potential to be utilized in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries for their neuro-protective and antioxidant effects. CrtD is involved in the production of γ-carotenoids by desaturating the C3'-C4' position of 1'-OH-γ-carotenoid. We determined the crystal structure of CrtD from Nonlabens dokdonensis DSW-6 (NdCrtD), the first structure of CrtD family enzymes. The NdCrtD structure was composed of two distinct domains, an FAD-binding domain and a substrate-binding domain, and the substrate-binding domain can be divided into two subdomains, a Rossmann fold-like subdomain and a lid subdomain...

The present study examines the effect of an increased day temperature on vitamin C and carotenoid concentrations in tomato, depending on the developmental stage of fruits when the stress is imposed. Plants were cultivated in a growth chamber initially at 24 °C, and the day temperature was increased to 32 °C when fruits belonging to six different fruit development stages could be differentiated. Vitamin C, phytoene, phytofluene, lycopene, γ-carotene, and violaxantin concentrations were significantly lower when a temperature of 32 °C was imposed during the advanced stages of fruit development compared to the levels observed in the control treatment...

A novel anoxygenic photoheterotrophic member of the phylum Acidobacteria , Chloracidobacterium thermophilum strain B sp. nov., was isolated from a cyanobacterial enrichment culture derived from microbial mats associated with Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park, WY. C. thermophilum sp. nov. was a Gram-stain-negative rod (diameter, approximately 0.8-1.0 µm; variable length, approximately 2.5 µm), which formed greenish-brown liquid suspension cultures. It was a moderately thermophilic microaerophile and grew in a defined medium at 51 °C (T(opt); range 44 to 58 °C) and in the pH range 5...

Three new oxidative metabolites of lycopenes, (erythro)-lycopene-5,6-diol, (threo)-lycopene-5,6-diol, and 1,16-dehydro-2,6-cyclolycopene-5-ol B, and four new oxidative metabolites of γ-carotenes, 2',6'-cyclo-γ-carotene-1',5'-diol A, 2',6'-cyclo-γ-carotene-1',5'-diol B, (erythro)-γ-carotene-5,6-diol, and (threo)-γ-carotene-5,6-diol, were isolated as minor components from the aril of gac, Momordica cochinchinensis. These structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data, and some of them were compared to the structures of synthetic samples...

Tomato is an important agricultural crop world-wide. Their pigments are very important in many ways. They have been associated with health benefits such as lowering the risk of some chronic diseases. Quantification of chlorophylls by spectrophotometry and Identification of carotenoids using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and quantification by HPLC-DAD was carried out in the exocarp and mesocarp of tomato fruit during 6 different ripeness stages (mature-green, breakers, turning, pink, light-red and red)...

The effect of the aeration rate on carotene production from deproteinized hydrolyzed whey by Blakeslea trispora in a bubble column reactor was investigated. Aeration rate significantly affected carotene concentration and morphology of the fungus. Enhanced aeration caused change of the morphology of B. trispora from pellets with large projected area to pellets with small projected area. This morphological differentiation of the fungus was associated with a significant increase in carotene production. When deproteinized hydrolyzed whey was supplemented with 30 g/l Tween 80, 30 g/l Span 80, and 0...

High levels of β-carotene, lycopene, and the rare γ-carotene occur predominantly lipid-dissolved in the chromoplasts of peach palm fruits. First proof of their absorption from these fruits is reported. The structural diversity, the physical deposition state in planta, and the human bioavailability of carotenoids from the edible fruits of diverse orange and yellow-colored peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) varieties were investigated. HPLC-PDA-MS(n) revealed a broad range of carotenes, reaching total carotenoid levels from 0...

Carotenoids are a class of naturally occurring pigment, carrying out important biological functions in photosynthesis and involved in environmental responses including nutrition in organisms. Saproxanthin and myxol, which have monocyclic carotenoids with a γ-carotene skeleton, have been reported to show a stronger antioxidant activity than those with β-carotene and zeaxanthin. In this research, a yellow-orange bacterium of strain 11shimoA1 (JCM19538) was isolated from a seaweed collected at Nabeta Bay (Shizuoka, Japan)...

Methods for a rapid quantitative determination of chlorophylls and carotenoids are decribed.The extraction of pigments was carried out with different kinds of plant material, such as algae, leaves and chloroplasts. The separation of the carotenoids from these extracts was succeeded by an adsorptionchromatographic process in which the thin-layer consists of anorganic adsorbents (CaCO3, MgO, Ca(OH)2). The basicity of the layer is further increased by the addition of KOH; thereby the chlorophylls are retained at the starting line and the overlapping of chlorophylls and xanthophylls on the chromatogram can be avoided...

Carotenoids from leaves (Avena, Spinacia, Veratrum, Elodea, Potamogeton) and other tissues of higher plants (Solanum, Taxus, Daucus) and from Chlorella and Euglena were identified and characterized employing new methods in thin-layer chromatography (HAGER and MEYER-BERTENRATH, 1966).The following criteria were used for the identification procedure:1.The absorption maxima in different solvents such as hexane, benzene, chloroform, ethanol, and carbon disulphide. 2. The absorption spectra in these solvents and the shape of the short wave maximum, which is characteristic for the α- or β-ionone structure...

The purpose of these studies was to find which steps in the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids in Fusarium are under photoregulation. After separation by column chromatography ζ-carotene, neurosporene, γ-carotene, torulene, neurosporaxanthin and lycopene were identified from their absorption spectra in visible light and by co-chromatography tests with carotenoids from other organisms. No other carotenoids were detected. These components were each present in trace amounts (0.5-2 μg/g dry weight) in stricly dark grown cultures...

A novel diesel-degrading bacterial strain, A2(T), was isolated from soil that was heavily contaminated with oil. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, and DNA analyses, strain A2(T) was identified as a novel species of the genus Gordonia and named Gordonia ajoucoccus A2(T) (KCTC 11900BP and CECT8382). G. ajoucoccus A2(T) is able to synthesize carotenoids and produces mainly γ-carotene and keto-γ-carotene. G. ajoucoccus A2(T) is also capable of assimilating n-alkanes with a broad range of chain lengths (C6, C8-C25)...

The transfer of excitation energy and the pigment arrangement in isolated chlorosomes of the thermophilic green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus were studied by means of absorption, fluorescence and linear dichroism spectroscopy, both at room temperature and at 4 K. The low temperature absorption spectrum shows bands of the main antenna pigments BChl c and carotenoid, in addition to which bands of BChl a are present at 798 and 613 nm. Fluorescence measurements showed that excitation energy from BChl c and carotenoid is transferred to BChl a, which presumably functions as an intermediate in energy transfer from the chlorosome to the cytoplasmic membrane...

1. The carotenoids in the flowers of three color types of Oenothera: yellow, sulfur and old-gold (vetaurea) were investigated, the latter for the first time. - 2. In yellow and sulfur we found eight carotenoids and β-carotene, in old-gold eight carotenoids and four carotenes. The three additional carotenes of old-gold are: ζ-carotene, lycopene and traces of γ-carotene. - 3. The characteristic carotenoids of Oenothera are 5,6-diepoxy-β-carotene and lutein-5,6-eposcide. - 4. The reddish-yellow color of old-goldis due to the large amount of lycopene...

The change in the pigment composition of the unicellular alga Dunaliella parva 19/9 during exposure to high light (4000 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) has been investigated. During photobleaching the carotenoids were lost at a greater rate than the chlorophylls. In these photoinhibitory conditions, β-carotene and especially the minor carotenes, δ- and γ-carotene, were more susceptible to oxidative destriction than the xanthophylls. Lutein, the major carotenoid present, was the most stable of the carotenoids in these conditions...

The major carotenoids (β-carotene, γ-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, with torulene present in the largest amount (167.0 μg/g), followed by torularhodin (113.4 μg/g), β-carotene (52.1 μg/g) and γ-carotene (15.4 μg/g). In addition, cis/trans torulene isomers were further identified by developing an HPLC-DAD coupled with an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) MS method, following isolation and purification torulene from crude pigments by column chromatography...

The adaptive response of the fungus Blakeslea trispora to the oxidative stress induced by iron ions during carotene production in shake flask culture was investigated. The culture response to oxidative stress was studied by measuring the specific activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The addition of 1.0 mM of FeCl3 to the medium was associated with a mild oxidative stress as evidenced by remarkable increase of the specific activities of SOD and CAT. On the other hand, the addition 5.0 mM of FeCl3 caused a strong oxidative stress resulting in a drastic decrease in carotene concentration...