NR2A

BACKGROUND: We have reported neuro-inflammation is involved in radicular pain by enhancing the efficiency of pain synaptic transmission in spinal level. Recently, peers' studies have confirmed that magnesium deficiency leads to neuro-inflammation, thus contributes to memory and emotional deficits and pain hypersensitivity in antineoplastic agents treated rats. In this study, we explore the effect of oral application of magnesium-L-threonate (L-TAMS) in radicular pain induced by lumbar disc herniation (LDH) of rats and the possible mechanisms...

Exploring the intricate pathogenesis of Vascular Dementia (VD), there is a noted absence of potent treatments available in the current medical landscape. A new brain-protective medication developed in China, Edaravone dexboeol (EDB), has shown promise due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, albeit with a need for additional research to elucidate its role and mechanisms in VD contexts. In a research setup, a VD model was established utilizing Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, subjected to permanent bilateral typical carotid artery occlusion (2VO)...

Ischemic strokes originate whenever the circulation to the brain is interrupted, either temporarily or permanently, resulting in a lack of oxygen and other nutrients. This deprivation primarily impacts the cerebral cortex and striatum, resulting in neurodegeneration. Several experimental stroke models have demonstrated that the potent antioxidant quercetin offers protection against stroke-related damage. Multiple pathways have been associated with quercetin's ability to safeguard the brain from ischemic injury...

In this study, the electrophysiological and biochemical consequences of repeated exposure to morphine in male rats on glutamatergic synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, the expression of GABA receptors and glutamate receptors at the temporoammonic-CA1 synapse along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus (dorsal, intermediate, ventral, DH, IH, VH, respectively) were investigated. Slice electrophysiological methods, qRT-PCR, and western blotting techniques were used to characterize synaptic plasticity properties...

OBJECTIVES: Sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction is a common complication in patients with sepsis and lack of effective treatment. Its pathological mechanisms remain unclear. Salt-induced kinase (SIK) is an important molecule in the regulation of metabolism, immunity, and inflammatory response. It is associated with the development of many neurological diseases. This study aims to investigate the expression of SIK in the hippocampus of septic mice, and to evaluate the role and mechanism of the SIK inhibitor HG-9-91-01 in sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction...

Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are major air pollutants emitted from automobile engines. Prenatal exposure to DEPs has been linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging. However, the specific mechanism by DEPs impair the hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the offspring remains unclear. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were administered DEPs solution via the tail vein every other day for a total of 10 injections, then the male offsprings were studied to assess learning and memory by the Morris water maze...

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common and recurrent neuropsychiatric disorder. Recent studies have shown that the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Previous studies have found that Kaji-ichigoside F1 (KF1) has a protective effect against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity. However, the antidepressant mechanism of KF1 has not been confirmed yet. PURPOSE: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the rapid antidepressant activity of KF1 and explore the underlying mechanism...

BACKGROUND: Phencyclidine (PCP) causes psychosis, is abused with increasing frequency, and was extensively used in antipsychotic drug discovery. PCP discoordinates hippocampal ensemble action potential discharge and impairs cognitive control in rats, but how this uncompetitive NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist impairs cognition remains unknown. METHODS: The effects of PCP were investigated on hippocampal CA1 ensemble action potential discharge in vivo in urethane-anesthetized rats and during awake behavior in mice, on synaptic responses in ex vivo mouse hippocampus slices, in mice on a hippocampus-dependent active place avoidance task that requires cognitive control, and on activating the molecular machinery of translation in acute hippocampus slices...

Behavioral sensitization is defined as the enhanced behavioral response to drugs of abuse after repeated exposure, which can serve as a behavioral model of addiction. Our previous study demonstrated that behavioral cross-sensitization occurs between cocaine and ethanol, suggesting commonalities between these drugs. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play important roles in synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and addiction-associated behaviors. However, little is known about whether NMDA receptor-mediated signaling regulation is a common feature following behavioral sensitizations induced by cocaine and ethanol...

Detecting visual features in the environment is crucial for animals' survival. The superior colliculus (SC) is implicated in motion detection and processing, whereas how the SC integrates visual inputs from the two eyes remains unclear. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we show that mouse SC contains many binocular neurons that display robust ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in a critical period during early development, which is similar to, but not dependent on, the primary visual cortex. NR2A- and NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play an essential role in the regulation of SC plasticity...

BACKGROUND: Attention provides the foundation for cognitions, which was shown to be affected by microwave (MW) radiation. With the ubiquitous of microwaves, public concerns regarding the impact of MW radiation on attention has hence been increased. Our study aims to investigate the potential effect and mechanism of acute microwave exposure on attention. RESULTS: We identified obvious impairment of attention in mice by the five-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task...

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) modulate glutamatergic excitatory tone in the brain via two complementary modalities: a phasic excitatory postsynaptic current and a tonic extrasynaptic modality. Here, we demonstrated that the tonic extrasynaptic NMDAR- current (INMDA ) mediated by NR2A-containing NMDARs is an efficient biosensor detecting the altered ambient glutamate level in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). INMDA of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) measured by nonselective NMDARs antagonist, AP5, at holding potential (Vholding ) -70 mV in low concentration of ECF Mg2+ ([Mg2+ ]o ) was transiently but significantly increased 1-week post induction of a DOCA (deoxycorticosterone) -salt hypertensive model rat...

Exposure to metal mixtures is recognized as a real-life scenario, needing novel studies that can assess their complex effects on brain development. There is still a significant public health concern associated with chronic low levels of metal exposure. In contrast to other metals, these three metals (As, Pb, and Mn) are commonly found in various environmental and industrial contexts. In addition to additive or synergistic interactions, concurrent exposure to this metal mixture may also have neurotoxic effects that differ from those caused by exposure to single components...

Zaleplon is a positive allosteric modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor approved for the short-term treatment of insomnia. Previous publications on zaleplon have not addressed the proteins involved in its mechanism of action but have mostly referred to behavioral or pharmacological studies. Since both GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling have been shown to regulate wakefulness and sleep, we examined the effects of prolonged zaleplon treatment (0.625 mg/kg for 5 days) on these systems in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats...

Physical exercise has been shown to have an impact on memory and hippocampal function across different age groups. Nevertheless, the influence and mechanisms underlying how voluntary exercise during puberty affects memory are still inadequately comprehended. This research aims to examine the impacts of self-initiated physical activity throughout adolescence on spatial memory. Developing mice were exposed to a 4-wk voluntary wheel running exercise protocol, commencing at the age of 30 d. After engaging in voluntary wheel running exercise during development, there was an enhancement in spatial memory...

RATIONALE: Phosphodiesterase 4D negative allosteric modulators (PDE4D NAMs) enhance memory and cognitive function in animal models without emetic-like side effects. However, the relationship between increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and the effects of PDE4D NAM remains elusive. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the roles of hippocampal cAMP metabolism and synaptic activation in the effects of D159687, a PDE4D NAM, under baseline and learning-stimulated conditions...

Based on the CX3C chemokine ligand 1(CX3CL1)-CX3C chemokine receptor 1(CX3CR1) axis, this study explored the potential mechanism by which Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu Formula(ZGJTJY) improved neuroinflammation and enhanced neuroprotective effect in a rat model of diabetes mellitus complicated with depression(DD). The DD rat model was established by feeding a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin(STZ) intraperitoneal injection for four weeks and chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) combined with isolated cage rearing for five weeks...

Introduction: The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is used for various malignancies. However, it also causes cognitive impairment in cancer survivors. In order to determine the mechanisms underlying the acute effects of DOX, we assessed the mRNA and protein expression of glutamate receptors and proteins involved in cognitive function and apoptosis. Methods: Fear-conditioning memory tests were performed in rats after a single intraperitoneal injection of DOX (25 mg/kg) to evaluate short-term memory function...

Depression is a complex and prevalent mental illness. Cherry leaf is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has confirmed to exert a certain antidepressant effect, but its potential neural regulation mechanism is not clear. This paper aims to investigate the improved action of cherry leaf decoction (CLD) on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats and its potential neural regulation mechanism by verifying the role and function of NMDAR regulatory target α2δ-1 in depression due to CUMS...

Binge alcohol drinking during adolescence has long-term effects on the adult brain that alter brain structure and behaviors, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is involved in the synaptic plasticity and pathological brain injury by regulating the expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) is a critical effector that dephosphorylates ERK1/2 to control the basal tone, amplitude, and duration of ERK signaling...