Vaporisers

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which are becoming increasingly popular in many parts of the world, have recently become more sophisticated in terms of their more active content and better controlled vaporisation. This review begins by describing how cigarette smoking led to the development of ENDS as a means of combatting nicotine addiction. ENDS are usually categorised as belonging to one of only three main generations, but a fourth has been added in order to differentiate the latest, most powerful, most advanced and innovative that have improved heating efficiency...

Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a technique widely used in food analysis for the isolation of analytes. Herein, we proposed a novel application of SPE to extract vaporised propionic acid, a common preservative, from a heated sample solution. A sample was heated under acidified conditions and the resulting steam was directly passed through an SPE column to extract the propionic acid, followed by elution and HPLC analysis. Here, the extraction on the SPE column ensures direct capture of propionic acid. The results demonstrated excellent linearity (R2  greater than 0...

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) laser vaporisation versus intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in the management of oral lichen planus (OLP). METHODS: A randomised clinical trial with a split-mouth design was conducted on 16 patients with bilateral symptomatic OLP lesions. One side was treated with CO2 laser vaporisation, and the counterpart was treated with TA intralesional injection. The reticular-erythematous-ulcerative (REU) score, Thongprasom sign scoring (TSS), visual analogue scale (VAS) and lesion area were used to evaluate the lesions at weeks 0, 4 and 9...

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a prophylactic lidocaine constant rate infusion (CRI) on the incidence and malignancy of catheter-induced ventricular ectopic complexes (VECs) during balloon valvuloplasty for management of pulmonic stenosis in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Single-centre, prospective, randomized study. ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs (n = 70) with pulmonic stenosis. METHODS: Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two anaesthetic protocols: administration of lidocaine 2 mg kg-1 bolus followed by a CRI (50 μg kg-1 minute-1 ; group LD) or a saline placebo (group SL) during balloon valvuloplasty...

We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of photo selective vaporisation of the prostate (PVP) with the GreenLight Laser versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for the treatment of small-volume benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As of July 2022, relevant literature in online databases such as Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase was searched, including studies published on or before that date, and there were 9 studies in total, including 5 RCTs and 4 non-RCTs. In total 1525 patients were included to compare the efficacy of PVP and TURP in treating BPH...

Phase-change nanodroplets have attracted increasing interest in recent years as ultrasound theranostic nanoparticles. They are smaller compared to microbubbles and they may distribute better in tissues (e.g. in tumours). They are composed of a stabilising shell and a perfluorocarbon core. Nanodroplets can vaporise into echogenic microbubbles forming cavitation nuclei when exposed to ultrasound. Their perfluorocarbon core phase-change is responsible for the acoustic droplet vaporisation. However, methods to quantify the perfluorocarbon core in nanodroplets are lacking...

CONTEXT: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common, often bothersome, and have multifactorial aetiology. OBJECTIVE: To present a summary of the 2023 version of the European Association of Urology guidelines on the management of male LUTS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A structured literature search from 1966 to 2021 selected the articles with the highest certainty evidence. The Delphi technique consensus approach was used to develop the recommendations...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between urine specific gravity (USG) and the risk of arterial hypotension during general anaesthesia (GA) in healthy dogs premedicated with dexmedetomidine and methadone. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical cohort study. ANIMALS: A total of 75 healthy client-owned dogs undergoing GA for elective tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. METHODS: After placing an intravenous catheter, dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg-1 ) and methadone (0...

Raising the temperature of a material enhances the thermal motion of particles. Such an increase in thermal energy commonly leads to the melting of a solid into a fluid and eventually vaporises the liquid into a gaseous phase of matter. Here, we study the finite-temperature physics of dipolar quantum fluids and find surprising deviations from this general phenomenology. In particular, we describe how heating a dipolar superfluid from near-zero temperatures can induce a phase transition to a supersolid state with a broken translational symmetry...

Ammonia is identified as a potential marine fuel, and ammonia bunkering will take place in major bunkering ports, including Singapore. Due to its toxic nature, any accidental release of ammonia into the environment during bunkering operation has a risk of spreading rapidly and causing injury to the personnel in the vicinity and damage to the marine ecosystem. This safety study simulates how key operational parameters affect ammonia dispersion and the consequences. The results show that bunkering ammonia stored in fully-refrigerated tanks as an atmospheric pressure saturated liquid is the safest, and the severity of the consequence increases significantly with a release height of more than 5 m...

RATIONALE: Vaping has become a popular method of inhaling various psychoactive substances. While evaluating respiratory effects of vaping have primarily focused on nicotine-containing products, cannabidiol (CBD)-vaping is increasingly becoming popular. It currently remains unknown whether the health effects of vaping nicotine and cannabinoids are similar. OBJECTIVES: This study compares side by side the pulmonary effects of acute inhalation of vaporised CBD versus nicotine...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Long-term harms of cannabis may be exacerbated in adolescence, but little is known about the acute effects of cannabis in adolescents. We aimed to: (1) compare the acute effects of cannabis in adolescent and adult cannabis users, and (2) determine if cannabidiol (CBD) acutely modulates the effects of delta-9-tetrahydocannabinol (THC). DESIGN: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experiment. The experiment was registered on ClinicalTrials...

E-liquids typically contain nicotine and flavourings in a matrix of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerine (VG). Some nicotine-free e-liquids are flavouring only in the aerosol carrier with the option for users to add their own nicotine. It is only the nicotine that is monitored in terms of level, as specified by the manufacturers. Little is known of the toxicological effect for some of the flavourings in the context of vaping as these are only regulated for ingestion and not inhalation. A method was developed to analyse Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) evolved when e-liquids are vaporised based on Head Space-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) for e-liquids...

Membrane distillation (MD) transfers heat and mass simultaneously through a hydrophobic membrane. Hence, it is sensitive to both concentration and temperature polarisation (CP and TP) effects. In this study, we fabricated feed spacers to improve MD efficiency by alleviating the polarisation effects. First, a 3D printed spacer design was optimised to show superior performance amongst the others tested. Then, to further enhance spacer performance, we incorporated highly thermally stable carbon nanofillers, including carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene, in the fabrication of filaments for 3D printing...

In this study, we determined the enthalpies of vaporisation for a suitable set of molecular and ionic liquids using modern techniques for vapour pressure measurements, such as the quartz crystal microbalance, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gas chromatographic methods. This enabled us to measure reasonable vapour pressures, avoiding the problem of the decomposition of the ionic liquids at high temperatures. The enthalpies of vaporisation could be further analysed by applying the well-known "group contribution" methods for molecular liquids and the "centerpiece" method for ionic liquids...

OBJECTIVES: Granular myringitis (GM) is a troublesome disease with a high incidence of recurrence and relapse. CO2 laser vaporisation and trichloroacetic acid (TAA) have been applied in treating several otological diseases, both with favourable therapeutic efficacy. However, long-term therapeutic efficacy of both CO2 laser vaporisation and TAA cauterisation against GM has not yet been evaluated. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of CO2 laser vaporisation and TAA cauterisation in GM management...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The speed of inhalational induction depends on a variety of factors, of which priming the breathing circuit with volatile anaesthetics plays a vital role. This study compared ventilator-assisted priming (VAP) and a passive priming technique using different fresh gas flows (FGFs) in neonatal, paediatric, and adult anaesthetic circuits. METHODS: In both techniques, FGF with 100% oxygen and 8% sevoflurane vaporiser concentration were set at 2 Lmin-1 , 4 Lmin-1 , and 8 Lmin-1 , representing three groups FGF-2, FGF-4, and FGF-8, respectively...

Benzophenone derivatives exhibit not only biological activity but also act as photo initiator and UV blocker. We carried out experimental and theoretical thermochemical studies of hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted benzophenones. Standard molar enthalpies of vaporisation were obtained from the temperature dependence of vapour pressures measured by the transpiration method. The thermodynamic data on phase transitions available in the literature (crystal-gas, crystal-liquid, and liquid-gas) were also collected and evaluated...

We report on the magnetic properties of small neutral suboxide Co n O m ( n = 5-18 and m = 0-10, m ≤ n ) clusters produced by laser vaporisation and gas aggregation. Their magnetism is probed experimentally by means of Stern-Gerlach magnetic deflection. The results imply that the cobalt atoms couple ferromagnetically not only in pure Co n clusters, as known from previous investigations, but also in their oxidized counterparts. It was found that the magnetic moment per cobalt atom is mostly enhanced in the oxide clusters with respect to the pure cobalt clusters and generally increases with the oxygen content in the studied composition range...