allergoids

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammatory disease that is induced by allergen introduction to the nasal mucosa, which triggers an inflammatory response. The current treatments for AR include allergen avoidance and pharmacotherapy; however, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment that can be employed to modify immunologic responses and to achieve a cure for allergic diseases. The current standard routes of AIT administration are the subcutaneous and sublingual routes...

Both subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) are effective clinically against allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma, and modify the underlying immunologic abnormalities. Despite this, many patients who could benefit from receiving SCIT and SLIT do not because of concerns about safety and the inconvenience in receiving SCIT, and the long duration of treatment with both, 3-4 years being required for lasting benefit. Attempts to improve the efficacy and safety, and to shorten the course of allergen immunotherapy have taken many approaches...

BACKGROUND: Polymerized allergens conjugated to non-oxidized mannan (PM-allergoids) are novel vaccines targeting dendritic cells (DCs). Previous experimental data indicate that PM-allergoids are readily taken up by DCs and induce Treg cells. This first-in-human study was aimed to evaluate safety and to find the optimal dose of house dust mite PM-allergoid (PM-HDM) administered subcutaneously (SC) or sublingually (SL). METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled trial, 196 subjects received placebo or PM-HDM at 500, 1000, 3000, or 5000 mannan-conjugated therapeutic units (mTU)/mL in 9-arm groups for 4 months...

INTRODUCTION: Although clinical trials have shown the efficacy and safety of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) in the treatment of allergic asthma, there is a need for real-life studies. We aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of a microcrystalline tyrosine-adjuvanted Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergoid (Acarovac Plus®) in patients with house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma in a real-life study. METHODS: A subanalysis of a multicenter, prospective, observational, real-life study...

Background. The effectiveness of pre-seasonal allergoid immunotherapy in polysensitized patients are not well-known. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical efficacy and immunological changes of pre-seasonal allergoid immunotherapy in mono and polysensitized patients with grass pollen allergy. Methods. Fourty six patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis undergoing pre-seasonal grass pollen immunotherapy and 28 cases followed by conventional drug treatment were included. These groups were divided into monosensitized and polysensitized ones...

BACKGROUND: Allergen products for subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) contain intact allergen extracts or chemically modified allergoids. Chemical modification was introduced to reduce allergenicity while retaining immunogenicity and thereby enable safer and more efficient allergy immunotherapy. METHODS: Experimental allergoids were produced from intact allergen extract for birch, grass and house dust mite (HDM) to evaluate the effects of chemical modification. Preparations were compared with commercial allergoids and analysed by SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting, IgE-inhibition assays, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE)...

Evidence regarding asthma's impact on children's daily lives is limited. This prospective and cross-sectional, observational, multicenter study assessed school/work and activity impairment in children and adolescents with allergic asthma and their caregivers and allergen immunotherapy (AIT) effects. Included patients were schooled children and adolescents (5 to 17 years) with allergic asthma due to house dust mites (HDM). Impairment of school/work (i.e., absenteeism and presenteeism) and activity was measured in patients and their caregivers using the Work Productivity Impairment Questionnaire plus Classroom Impairment Questions: Allergy Specific (WPAI + CIQ:AS)...

BACKGROUND: Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is reported to have a success rate of 50-70% when given for up to 12 months to dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). How soon ASIT is clinically effective is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy rate (ER) and time-to-efficacy (TTE) of various types of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) administered using conventional dosing regimens using the methodology of a critically appraised topic. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Three databases were searched to extract information on the ER and TTE of SCIT in dogs with AD...

BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted on the short-term response to sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our experimental trial was to evaluate if two markers such as nasal nitric oxide (nNO) and nasal cytology could be useful to identify a precocious clinical efficacy of SLIT treatment. METHODS: We enrolled 34 children aged 6 to 14 years old with diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and documented sensitization towards house dust mites...

BACKGROUND: Quantifying major allergens is essential for evaluating the quality and efficacy of allergenic extracts. They are usually measured in non-polymerized extracts using immunoassays. However, the direct measurement of allergens in allergoids is currently not supported. This study set out to develop a method for quantifying Bet v 1 in polymerized birch extracts using mass spectrometry-based targeted analysis. METHODS: Three isotopically labelled peptide sequences of Bet v 1 were synthetized and used as internal standards for the development of a mass spectrometry-based targeted analysis...

BACKGROUND: The World Allergy Organization and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology recommend to perform product-specific meta-analyses for allergen-specific immunotherapies because of the high degree of heterogeneity between individual products. This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of Glutaraldehyde-modified and MCT® (MicroCrystalline Tyrosine)-adsorbed allergoids (MATA). METHODS: The databases MEDLINE, LILACS, embase, LIVIVO, Web of Science and Google (Scholar) were searched for publications on MATA up to June 2019...

BACKGROUND: Native allergen extracts or chemically modified allergoids are routinely used to induce allergen tolerance in allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), although mechanistic side-by-side studies are rare. It is paramount to balance optimal dose and allergenicity to achieve efficacy warranting safety. AIT safety and efficacy could be addressed by allergen dose reduction and/or use of allergoids and immunostimulatory adjuvants, respectively. In this study, immunological effects of experimental house dust mite (HDM) AIT were investigated applying high-dose HDM extract and low-dose HDM allergoids with and without the adjuvants microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) in a murine model of HDM allergy...

BACKGROUND: The clinical and immunological efficacy of preseasonal allergoid immunotherapy has been previously investigated, however, studies comparing the effectiveness of the two protocols are limited in the literature. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the clinical and immunological efficacy of pre-seasonal and perennial allergoid immunotherapy. METHODS: This is a prospective cross sectional two-arm study. During the season; symptom and medication scores were filled...

The concept of personalized medicine as a diagnostic and therapeutic approach tailored to the medical needs of each patient is currently revolutionizing all fields of medicine and in particular allergology. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) meets the three main needs for precision medicine: identification of molecular mechanism of disease, diagnostic tools for the mechanism and treatment blocking the mechanism itself. AIT adapts to the spectrum of specific IgE of each individual subject, changing the course and natural history of the disease, so is a clear model of precision and personalized medicine...

Evidence regarding allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in pediatric population is scarce. We have assessed safety and effectiveness of subcutaneous AIT with a microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT)-associated mite allergoid, Acarovac Plus® , in children and adolescents with allergic rhinitis (AR), with and without asthma, in the real-world setting. This was a retrospective, multicenter study including children and adolescents aged 5 years to 17 years with AR, with and without asthma, and sensitized to mites, receiving AIT with Acarovac Plus® during ≥6 months...

Background: Despite the effectiveness of allergen immunotherapy (AIT), some patients are unresponsive for reasons still unknown; yet validated response biomarkers remain unavailable. Objective: To analyze immunological parameters as biomarkers to monitor and predict clinical response to a MicroCrystalline Tyrosine-adjuvanted house dust mite (HDM) AIT in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: Observational, prospective, multicenter study including adult patients (aged 18-65 years) with AR, with and without asthma, sensitized to the HDM Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP) and prescribed Acarovac Plus® DP 100% in the routine practice...

BACKGROUND: Allergoid-mannan conjugates are novel vaccines for allergen-specific immunotherapy being currently assayed in phase 2 clinical trials. Allergoid-mannan conjugates target dendritic cells (DCs) and generate functional forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)-positive Treg cells, but their capacity to reprogram monocyte differentiation remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: We studied whether allergoid-mannan conjugates could reprogram monocyte differentiation into tolerogenic DCs and the underlying molecular mechanisms...

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only setting in which a vaccine is applied in patients allergic exactly to the active principle in the vaccine. Therefore, AIT products need to be not only effective but also safe. In Europe, for subcutaneous AIT, this has been achieved by the allergoid strategy in which IgE epitopes are destroyed or masked. In addition, adjuvants physically precipitate the allergen at the injection site to prevent too rapid systemic distribution. The choice of adjuvant critically shapes the efficacy and type of immune response to the injected allergen...

BACKGROUND Usually, the number of injections required to achieve the maintenance dose in subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is relatively small for some of the currently used allergens, but this may still be uncomfortable for patients, thus compromising adherence and compliance. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a dose acceleration of a conventional induction schedule using an allergoid extract of grass pollen, birch, hazel, and alder, needed to achieve the ideal maintenance dose...

A high-dose, accelerated escalation schedule during subcutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is safe and well-tolerated in adults. However, there are no data in children and adolescents. The aim of the present trial was to assess safety and tolerability of an accelerated dose escalation schedule of an AIT with a grass pollen allergoid in children and adolescents with moderate to severe seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis in a multicenter, open-label, randomized phase II trial. The dose escalation scheme for patients in the One Strength Group included 3 injections with 1 strength B (10,000 TU/mL), whereas the dose escalation scheme for the Standard group included 7 injections with 2 strengths A (1,000 TU/mL) and B (10,000 TU/mL) of an allergoid grass pollen preparation...