Nkcc

BACKGROUND: The iono- and osmoregulatory capacities of marine teleosts, such as European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) are expected to be challenged by high carbon dioxide exposure, and the adverse effects of elevated CO2 could be amplified when such fish migrate into less buffered hypo-osmotic estuarine environments. Therefore, the effects of increased CO2 on the physiological responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) acclimated to 32 ppt, 10 ppt and 2.5 ppt were investigated...

INTRODUCTION: Patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) suffer from increased risk of infection, adrenal crises and have a higher mortality rate. Such dismal outcomes have been inferred to immune cell dysregulation because of unphysiological cortisol replacement. As the immune landscape of patients with different types of PAI has not been systematically explored, we set out to immunophenotype PAI patients with different causes of glucocorticoid (GC) deficiency. METHODS: This cross-sectional single center study includes 28 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 27 after bilateral adrenalectomy due to Cushing's syndrome (BADx), 21 with Addison's disease (AD) and 52 healthy controls...

This study examined the osmoregulatory responses to hypo-osmotic shock in the commercially and ecologically important crab Episesarma mederi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853). After the acclimation for one week at a salinity of 25 PSU, Adult males E. mederi were immediately exposed to salinities of 5 PSU and 25 PSU (the control group). The time course of changes in haemolymph osmolality, gill Na+ /K+ ATPase (NKA) activity, oxygen uptake rates, and mRNA expression levels of ion-transport related genes, including the NKA-α subunit, V-type H+ ATPase (VT) and Na+ /K+ /2Cl- (NKCC), were determined...

Mitochondrial-rich cells (MRCs) are one of the most significant canceled type of epithelial cells. Morphologically these cells are totally different from other epithelial cells. These cells primarily implicated in sea-water and fresh-water adaptation, and acid-base regulation. However, in this review paper, we explored some of the most intriguing biological and immune-related functional developmental networks of MRCs. The main pinpoint, MRCs perform a dynamic osmoregulatory and immunological functional role in the gut and male reproductive system...

The membrane potential (MP) controls cell homeostasis by directing molecule transport and gene expression. How the MP is set upon epithelial differentiation is unknown. Since tissue architecture also controls homeostasis, we investigated the relationship between basoapical polarity and resting MP in three-dimensional culture of the HMT-3522 breast cancer progression. A microelectrode technique to measure MP and input resistance reveals that the MP is raised by gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) that directs tight-junction mediated apical polarity, and decreased by the Na+/K+/2Cl- (NKCC) cotransporter, present together with basal polarity...

Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) has been receiving great concerns owing to its ubiquitous occurrence in various environmental compartments and potential risks to wildlife and humans. Gill is structural basis for ion regulation and homeostasis in fish and susceptible to xenobiotics. However, current knowledge on the impacts of long-term exposure to TCEP on the structure and physiological function of fish gills are insufficient. In this work, zebrafish were exposed to environmental realistic concentrations (0...

Insects experience different kinds of environmental stresses that can impair neural performance, leading to spreading depolarization (SD) of nerve cells and neural shutdown underlying coma. SD is associated with a sudden loss of ion, notably K+ , homeostasis in the central nervous system. The sensitivity of an insect's nervous system to stress (e.g., anoxia) can be modulated by acute pre-treatment. Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is a form of preconditioning, in which a brief exposure to low temperature can enhance the stress tolerance of insects...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic and autologous blood transfusion on immune function and postoperative inflammation in patients after total hip replacement. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the clinical data of 60 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty through a posterolateral approach were analyzed. The patients were grouped into an autologous blood transfusion group (allo group) (n = 30) and an autologous blood transfusion group (auto-group) (n = 30) according to the treatment they received...

The author of the accompanying classic paper from the Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry (Crouch JJ, Sakaguchi N, Lytle C, Schulte BA. Immunohistochemical localization of the Na-K-Cl Co-transporter (NKCC1) in the Gerbil Inner Ear. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 1997;45(6):773-778) comments on how the immunohistochemical techniques used in the study provided critical new information that helped define the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the generation and maintenance of electrochemical gradients in the ear, particularly the presence of the Na,K,2Cl symporter (NKCC) in the inner ear...

Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the main causes of tissue damage, cell death, and imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition and synaptic loss in newborns. GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults, is excitatory at the onset of neurodevelopment and its action depends on the chloride (Cl- ) cotransporters NKCC1 (imports Cl- ) and KCC2 (exports Cl- ) expression. Under basal conditions, the NKCC1/KCC2 ratio decreases over neurodevelopment. Thus, changes in this ratio caused by HI may be related to neurological disorders...

Cardiovascular diseases, the leading life-threatening conditions, involve cardiac arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and heart valve disease that are associated with the altered functioning of cation-chloride cotransporters. The decreased number of cation-chloride cotransporters leads to reduced reactivity to adrenergic stimulation. The KCC family is crucial for numerous physiological processes including cell proliferation and invasion, regulation of membrane trafficking, maintaining ionic and osmotic homeostasis, erythrocyte swelling, dendritic spine formation, maturation of postsynaptic GABAergic inhibition, and inhibitory/excitatory signaling in neural tracts...

Introduction: Although dozens of studies have attempted to determine the metabolic cost of osmoregulation, mainly by comparing standard metabolic rates (SMR) in fish acclimated to different salinities, consensus is still lacking. Methods: In the present study, using the Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta , we aimed to determine the metabolic cost of esophageal and intestinal osmoregulatory processes by estimating ATP consumption from known ion transport rates and pathways and comparing these estimates with measurements on isolated tissues...

Virtually all of the dietary potassium intake is absorbed in the intestine, over 90% of which is excreted by the kidneys regarded as the most important organ of potassium excretion in the body. The renal excretion of potassium results primarily from the secretion of potassium by the principal cells in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN), which is coupled to the reabsorption of Na+ by the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) located at the apical membrane of principal cells. When Na+ is transferred from the lumen into the cell by ENaC, the negativity in the lumen is relatively increased...

Hydrocephalus is a devastating condition characterized by excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. Currently, the only effective treatment is surgical intervention, usually involving shunt placement, a procedure prone to malfunction, blockage, and infection that requires additional, often repetitive, surgeries. There are no long-term pharmaceutical treatments for hydrocephalus. To initiate an intelligent drug design, it is necessary to understand the biochemical changes underlying the pathology of this chronic condition...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the levels and phenotypes of peripheral natural killer (NK) cells in anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis (DM) patients, and their association with clinical features. METHODS: Peripheral NK cell counts (NKCCs) were retrospectively collected from 497 patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and 60 healthy controls. Multi-color flow cytometry was used to determine the NK cell phenotypes in additional 48 DM patients and 26 healthy controls. The association of NKCC and NK cell phenotypes with the clinical features and prognosis were analyzed in anti-MDA5+ DM patients...

To construct an animal model of atrial fibrillation and observe the effect of acute atrial fibrillation on renal water and sodium metabolism in mice. A total of 20 C57 mice were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 10/group): control group (CON) and atrial fibrillation group (AF). The mice model of atrial fibrillation was induced by chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) in combination with transesophageal atrial spacing. The urine of the two groups of mice was collected, and then we calculate the urine volume and urine sodium content...

AIMS: Despite its high concentration in pancreatic islets of Langerhans and broad range of antihyperglycemic effects, the route facilitating the import of dietary taurine into pancreatic β-cell and mechanisms underlying its insulinotropic activity are unclear. We therefore studied the impact of taurine on beta-cell function, alongside that of other small neutral amino acids, L-alanine and L-proline. MAIN METHODS: Pharmacological profiling of insulin secretion was conducted using clonal BRIN BD11 β-cells, the impact of taurine on the metabolic fate of glucose carbons was assessed using NMR and the findings were verified by real-time imaging of Ca2+ dynamics in the cytosol of primary mouse and human islet beta-cells...

Solute carrier 12 (Slc12) is a family of electroneutral cation-coupled chloride (Cl- ) cotransporters. Na+ /K+ /2Cl- (Nkcc) and Na+ /Cl- cotransporters (Ncc) belong to the Nkcc/Ncc subfamily. Human and mouse possess one gene for the Na+ /Cl- cotransporter (ncc gene: slc12a3), whereas teleost fishes possess multiple ncc genes, slc12a3 (ncc1) and slc12a10 (ncc2), in addition to their species-specific paralogs. Amphibians and squamates have two ncc genes: slc12a3 (ncc1) and ncc3. However, the evolutionary relationship between slc12a10 and ncc3 remains unresolved, and the presence of slc12a10 (ncc2) in mammals has not been clarified...

Loop diuretics such as furosemide and bumetanide, which act by inhibiting the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2 at the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, have been shown to exert anti-seizure effects. However, the exact mechanism of this effect is not known. For bumetanide, it has been suggested that inhibition of the NKCC isoform NKCC1 in the membrane of brain neurons may be involved; however, NKCC1 is expressed by virtually all cell types in the brain, which makes any specific targeting of neuronal NKCC1 by bumetanide impossible...

Na+ /K+ -ATPases (NKA) in the basolateral membrane of the intestinal enterocytes create a Na+ -gradient that drives both ion-coupled fluid uptake and nutrient transport. Being dependent on the same gradient as well as on the environmental salinity, these processes have the potential to affect each other. In salmonids, L-lysine absorption has been shown to be higher in freshwater (FW) than in seawater (SW) acclimated fish. Using electrophysiology (Ussing chamber technique), the aim was to explore if the decrease in L-lysine transport was due to allocation of the Na+ -gradient towards ion-driven fluid uptake in SW, at the cost of amino acid transport...