ethambutol

Increasing evidence supports the repositioning of beta-lactams for tuberculosis (TB) therapy, but further research on their interaction with conventional anti-TB agents is still warranted. Moreover, the complex cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) may pose an additional obstacle to beta-lactam diffusion. In this context, we aimed to identify synergies between beta-lactams and anti-TB drugs ethambutol (EMB) and isoniazid (INH) by assessing antimicrobial effects, intracellular activity, and immune responses...

Mycobacterium shinjukuense is a nontuberculous mycobacterium, and standard treatment for the infection has not been established. We report two cases of M. shinjukuense pulmonary disease in which two patients were treated with clarithromycin (CAM), rifampicin (RFP), and ethambutol (EB). Based on computed tomography (CT) findings, the patients experienced improvement with treatment. Reports of multiple cases of M. shinjukuense pulmonary disease treated with clarithromycin, rifampicin, and ethambutol are valuable, and they suggest that this regimen may be a new treatment option...

Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening infectious disease. The standard treatment is up to 90% effective; however, it requires the administration of four antibiotics (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol [HRZE]) over long time periods. This harsh treatment process causes adherence issues for patients because of the long treatment times and a myriad of adverse effects. Therefore, the World Health Organization has focused goals of shortening standard treatment regimens for TB in their End TB Strategy efforts, which aim to reduce TB-related deaths by 95% by 2035...

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis with a renal involvement can be a manifestation of a disseminated infection that requires therapeutic intervention, particularly with a decrease in efficacy of conventional regimens. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potency of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) in the complex anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT). A rabbit model of renal tuberculosis (rTB) was constructed by injecting of the standard strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv into the cortical layer of the kidney parenchyma...

BACKGROUND: Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is increasing worldwide, with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium abscessus as the predominant pathogens. Current treatments are poorly tolerated and modestly effective, highlighting the need for new treatments. SPR719, the active moiety of the benzimidazole prodrug SPR720, inhibits the ATPase subunits of DNA gyrase B, a target not exploited by current antibiotics, and therefore, no cross-resistance is expected with standard-of-care (SOC) agents...

Tuberculosis (TB), a respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a significant cause of mortality worldwide. The lung, a breeding ground for Mtb, was once thought to be a sterile environment, but has now been found to host its own profile of microbes. These microbes are critical in the development of the host immune system and can produce metabolites that aid in host defense against various pathogens. Mtb infection as well as antibiotics can shift the microbial profile, causing dysbiosis and dampening the host immune response...

Tuberculosis (TB) poses a major global health threat, substantially affecting children, who contribute notably to new cases and deaths. Diagnosing TB in kids is challenging due to collection issues and the paucibacillary nature of the disease. Disseminated TB, uncommon in children in low TB incidence countries, remains a significant cause of morbidity in migrant populations. We illustrate a rare case of disseminated TB in a middle-childhood boy who migrated from Angola to France, displaying chronic cough, fatigue, weight loss and persistent fever...

A 68-year-old-gentleman presented with left hip pain, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. He had previously experienced pain with white discharge until he underwent an arthroscopic washout and reduction. The left lower limb was shortened and wasted with limited hip movements. He had recently travelled to Zambia, his country of origin. Imaging demonstrated a large mass with chronic erosions of the acetabulum and femoral head. Synovial biopsy grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis , which was treated with rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 2 months then 4 months of rifampicin and isoniazid...

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the visual recovery time in patients with ethambutol-induced toxic optic neuropathy (EON) and identify the factors associated with the visual recovery time. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the medical records of 35 eyes of 35 patients with EON. Visual recovery was defined as a gain of ≥ 3 lines from the nadir. RESULTS: Patients were observed following discontinuation of ethambutol (EMB), with the mean follow-up period of 21...

BACKGROUND: The Directly Observed Treatment-Short Course (DOTS) Programme was implemented by WHO and includes a combination of four anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and rifampicin) for a period of six months to eradicate the TB infection completely. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as one of a strong contributor of TB according to World Health Organization (WHO). The presence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM type 2) makes TB treatment complicated. Thus, the objective of the current meta-analysis was to identify and quantify the impact of type 2 DM on treatment outcomes of TB patients treated under the DOTS Programme...

Isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis (Hr-TB) is an important drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). In addition to rifampicin, resistance to other medications for Hr-TB can impact the course of treatment; however, there are currently limited data in the literature. In this study, the drug susceptibility profiles of Hr-TB treatment and resistance-conferring mutations were investigated for Hr-TB clinical isolates from Thailand. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) and genotypic drug susceptibility testing (gDST) were retrospectively and prospectively investigated using the Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT), the broth microdilution (BMD) method, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based gDST...

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is prevalent in immunocompromised populations, including patients with hematologic malignancies, human immunodeficiency virus infections, and chronic diseases. Effective treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) combined with PTB is lacking. These patients show an extremely poor prognosis. Therefore, studies should establish efficient treatment options to improve patient survival and prognosis. CASE SUMMARY: A 60-year-old male with pain in the right side of his chest and a fever for 4 d visited the outpatient department of our hospital...

We herein report a case of Mycobacterium interjectum pulmonary disease (M. interjectum-PD) that improved considerably after azithromycin (AZM), rifampicin (RFP), and ethambutol (EB) therapy. A 69-year-old woman, managed locally for suspected NTM-PD based on chest computed tomography (CT) findings was referred to our hospital for worsening productive cough six years after the initial diagnosis. High-resolution chest CT showed right middle and left lower lobe bronchiectasis with middle and centrilobular nodules...

OBJECTIVES: The research aimed to study the following questions: (1) five well-known gout-related medications were selected to test the validity of the prescription symmetry sequence analysis in Taiwan; (2) four exploratory medications were selected to test their relation to gout flares. METHODS: We utilized the 2003-2017 dataset of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program containing all claims data with 2 million beneficiaries as a data source. In order to explore the temporal association, we designed a scenario of medication-induced gout flares...

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) presents a complex clinical scenario, often marked by delayed recognition and high mortality. Our case involves a 27-year-old woman from Nepal with no significant medical history, presented with a two-week history of fatigue, altered consciousness, dizziness, vomiting, fever, holocranial headache, and photophobia. Initial examination revealed signs consistent with meningitis, including fever, hypertensive state, prostration, bilateral exophthalmos, sixth cranial nerve paresis, and positive Kernig/Brudzinski signs...

AIM: To screen patients on ethambutol and evaluate its role on visual functions and toxic optic neuropathy. SETTING AND DESIGN: Retrospective, observational single tertiary centre cohort of 80 patients. METHODS AND MATERIAL: A total of 69 from the initial 80 patients with visual complaints were categorised into two groups A and B; ongoing anti-tubercular therapy with ethambutol and having stopped ethambutol for greater than six months respectively...

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters in patients with ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy (EON) and establish their optimal cut-off values for predicting visual acuity outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 64 eyes of 32 patients with EON who underwent OCT. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness were measured using Cirrus high-definition OCT (HD-OCT) within 3 months after EON diagnosis...

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a common infection in chronic kidney disease. The prolonged therapy of TB can delay kidney transplantation in patients on antitubercular therapy (ATT). METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center study to analyze the safety of kidney transplantation and its outcomes in patients undergoing transplantation while on the continuation phase of ATT. RESULTS: Between 2013 and 2022, 30 patients underwent kidney transplantation while on ATT...

Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the challenges to successful treatment of tuberculosis (TB). In vitro models of non-replicating Mtb are used to test the efficacy of new molecules against Mtb persisters. The H37Ra strain is attenuated for growth in macrophages and mice. We validated H37Ra-infected immunocompetent mice for testing anti-TB molecules against slow/non-replicating Mtb in vivo. Swiss mice were infected intravenously with H37Ra and monitored for CFU burden and histopathology for a period of 12 weeks...

Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease is treated with an azithromycin, ethambutol, and rifampicin regimen, with limited efficacy. The role of rifampicin is controversial due to inactivity, adverse effects, and drug interactions. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of clofazimine as a substitute for rifampicin in an intracellular hollow-fiber infection model. THP-1 cells, which are monocytes isolated from peripheral blood from an acute monocytic leukemia patient, were infected with M. avium ATCC 700898 and exposed to a regimen of azithromycin and ethambutol with either rifampicin or clofazimine...