intranasal medication

The expansive spectrum of major depressive disorder (MDD) continues to pose challenges for psychiatrists to treat effectively. Oral antidepressant (OAD) medications that alter monoamine neurotransmitters, mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), have been the mainstay of therapy for decades. Although these drugs have been largely beneficial, a considerable subset of patients do not respond adequately to multiple conventional therapies administered for an appropriate length of time, leading to a diagnosis of treatment-resistant depression (TRD)...

OBJECTIVE: National guidelines in the United States recommend the intramuscular and intranasal routes for midazolam for the management of seizures in the prehospital setting. We evaluated the association of route of midazolam administration with the use of additional benzodiazepine doses for children with seizures cared for by emergency medical services (EMS). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study from a US multiagency EMS dataset for the years 2018-2022, including children transported to the hospital with a clinician impression of seizures, convulsions, or status epilepticus, and who received an initial correct weight-based dose of midazolam (...

AIMS: To determine the cost-effectiveness of pharmacy-based intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) naloxone distribution in Canada. METHODS: We developed a state-transition model for pharmacy-based naloxone distribution, every 3 years, to illicit, prescription, opioid-agonist therapy and nonopioid use populations compared to no naloxone distribution. We used a monthly cycle length, lifetime horizon and a Canadian provincial Ministry of Health perspective. Transition probabilities, cost and utility data were retrieved from the literature...

OBJECTIVE: Mucosal decongestion with nasal sprays is a common treatment for nasal airway obstruction. However, the impact of mucosal decongestion on nasal aerodynamics and the physiological mechanism of nasal airflow sensation are incompletely understood. The objective of this study is to compare nasal airflow patterns in nasal airway obstruction (NAO) patients with and without mucosal decongestion and nondecongested healthy subjects. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of a convenience sample...

PURPOSE: To compare outcomes and complications of three surgical techniques for the treatment of congenital dacryocystoceles: nasolacrimal probing and irrigation (P+I), P+I plus nasal endoscopy (NE) with intranasal cyst marsupialization, and primary NE with intranasal cyst marsupialization. METHODS: The medical records of children ≤2 years of age at a single academic center with a diagnosis of dacryocystocele from 2012 to 2022 were retrospectively identified and reviewed...

OBJECTIVE: The primary goal was to compare the efficacy of administration of apomorphine (APO) administered by intranasal (IN), transconjunctival (TC), SC and IV routes with ropinirole eye drops for induction of emesis in dogs with a secondary goal to evaluate the time of emesis as well as difficulty in administration. ANIMALS: 125 client-owned dogs. METHODS: Dogs were randomly enrolled between October 1, 2021, and March 30, 2022, into groups of 25: IV APO, IN APO, TC APO, SC APO, and ropinirole eye drops...

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a long-term brain disorder that worsens over time. A cholinesterase inhibitor called Donepezil HCl (DNZ) is used to treat and control AD. Due to its failure to reach the appropriate concentration in the brain cells, its efficacy upon oral administration is limited, and thus investigation of alternative administration route is necessary. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to develop donepezil HCl-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) that can bypass the blood-brain barrier and thus be directly delivered to the brain through the nasal route...

Pediatric procedural sedation is a difficult exercise aiming to find the balance between optimal quality of a medical imaging or act, and maximal reduction of risks for the patient. Harmlessness of chloral hydrate has been recently questioned, thus promoting the use of the dexmedetomidine for these kinds of procedures. In this context we decided to develop a new protocol at the CHUV. We tested different combinations of molecules until we found the best association and dosage. We present here the analysis of our patient cohort, attesting the efficiency, reliability, and safety of combined dexmedetomidine and midazolam given intranasal for pediatric MRI...

This comprehensive review delves into the potential of intranasal insulin delivery for managing Alzheimer's Disease (AD) while exploring the connection between AD and diabetes mellitus (DM). Both conditions share features of insulin signalling dysregulation and oxidative stress that accelerate inflammatory response. Given the physiological barriers to brain drug delivery, including the blood-brain barrier, intranasal administration emerges as a non-invasive alternative. Notably, intranasal insulin has shown neuroprotective effects, impacting Aβ clearance, tau phosphorylation, and synaptic plasticity...

Neurological diseases and injuries in veterinary patients (horses, dogs, and cats) are complex, and effective treatment options are limited. Neuronal loss, damage to nerve conduction pathways, and inflammation and scarring associated with spinal cord injury pose major challenges in managing many neurological diseases. Furthermore, most of these neuropathologies lack definitive pharmacological treatments, driving interest and research into novel interventions. Our objective is to provide a narrative review of the current literature surrounding cellular therapies including neuronal and glial stem cells, neurotrophic factors, mesenchymal stem or stromal cells, and cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of diverse neurological pathologies...

OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic evaluation becomes difficult when excessive secretion/hypersalivation occurs in the upper airway. Intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines reduce symptoms of rhinorrhea and nasal congestion. For this reason, in our study, we aimed to examine the effects of mometasone furoate and azelastine on both the amount of secretion and upper airway obstruction in terms of possible benefits during drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 92 patients participated in the study [69 (75%) were males and 23 (25%) were females]...

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis are prevalent diseases. In western countries, type 2 inflammation usually characterizes these medical conditions and mainly sustains nasal obstruction. Budesonide aqueous nasal spray (BANS) is an intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) that has been available since the early 1980s. BANS is indicated for treating allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis, and nasal polyps (both as treatment and prevention after surgery). Consolidated evidence confirms its efficacy in treating seasonal and perennial AR, and nonallergic rhinitis...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder inflicting high degrees of symptomatic and socioeconomic burdens. The development of PTSD results from a cascade of events with contributions from multiple processes and the underlying pathophysiology is complex, involving neurotransmitters, neurocircuitry, and neuroanatomical pathways. Presently, only two medications are US FDA-approved for the treatment of PTSD, both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, the complex underlying pathophysiology suggests a number of alternative pathways and mechanisms that may be targets for potential drug development...

BACKGROUND: In 2022 and 2023, novel reassortant H3N8 influenza viruses infected three people, marking the first human infections with viruses of this subtype. METHODS: Here, we generated one of these viruses (A/Henan/4-10CNIC/2022; hereafter called A/Henan/2022 virus) by using reverse genetics and characterized it. FINDINGS: In intranasally infected mice, reverse genetics-generated A/Henan/2022 virus caused weight loss in all five animals (one of which had to be euthanized) and replicated efficiently in the respiratory tract...

This is the first reported case series of nasally delivered beta blocker (timolol 0.5%) for the treatment of acute migraine. In a retrospective chart review, 16 patients were found who had received intranasal timolol for sub-optimally treated acute migraines. Of these, 10 (62.5%) reported to their provider that the medication was helpful. Encouragingly, the treatment was beneficial even for patients previously refractory to other medications. Intranasal timolol was well tolerated, with only one patient reporting mild nasal congestion and no other side effects reported...

Efficient drug delivery remains a critical challenge for treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using innovative nanomaterials, delivering current medications like acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to the brain through the intranasal route is a promising strategy for managing AD. Here, we developed a unique combinational drug delivery system based on N , N , N -trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs encapsulate rivastigmine, the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, along with insulin, a complementary therapeutic agent...

Previous studies have shown that complexly shaped nanoparticles (NPs) have their intrinsic radiothermal emission in the millimeter range. This article presents a method for controlling the quality of nanodrugs-immunobiological preparations (IBPs)-based on the detection of their intrinsic radiothermal emissions. The emissivity of interferon (IFN) medicals, determined without opening the primary package, is as follows (µW/m2 ): IFN-α2b-80 ± 9 (105 IU per package), IFN-β1a-40 ± 5 (24 × 106 IU per package), IFN-γ-30 ± 4 (105 IU per package)...

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BACKGROUND: to assess the intuitiveness of parents' administration of pediatric emergency devices (inhalation, rectal, buccal, nasal, and auto-injector). METHODS: We invited parents without prior experience to administer the five devices to dummy dolls. We observed whether the parents chose the correct administration route and subsequently performed the correct administration procedures without clinically relevant errors. We interviewed parents for their self-assessment of their own administration performance and willingness to administer devices in actual emergencies...

Mirtazapine (MZPc) is an antidepressant drug which is approved by the FDA. It has low bioavailability, which is only 50%, in spite of its rapid absorption when orally administered owing to high first-pass metabolism. This study was oriented towards delivering intranasal (IN) mirtazapine by a direct route to the brain by means of preparing lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) as a targeted drug delivery system. MZP-LNCs were constructed by solvent-free phase inversion temperature technique applying D-Optimal mixture design to study the impact of 3 formulation variables on the characterization of the formulated nanocapsules...