journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35165862/tumor-associated-macrophages-reasons-to-be-cheerful-reasons-to-be-fearful
#21
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Izabela Szulc-Kielbik, Michal Kielbik
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and constantly evolving entity that consists not only of cancer cells, but also of resident host cells and immune-infiltrating cells, among which macrophages are significant components, due to their diversity of functions through which they can influence the immune response against tumor cells. Macrophages present in tumor environment are termed as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). They are strongly plastic cells, and depending on the TME stimuli (i.e., cytokines, chemokines), TAMs polarize to antitumoral (M1-like TAMs) or protumoral (M2-like TAMs) phenotype...
2022: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35165861/tumor-infiltrating-lymphocytes-and-their-role-in-solid-tumor-progression
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Theresa L Whiteside
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are an important component of the tumor environment. Their role in tumor growth and progression has been debated for decades. Today, emphasis has shifted to beneficial effects of TIL for the host and to therapies optimizing the benefits by reducing immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Evidence indicates that when TILs are present in the tumor as dense aggregates of activated immune cells, tumor prognosis and responses to therapy are favorable. Gene signatures and protein profiling of TIL at the population and single-cell levels provide clues not only about their phenotype and numbers but also about TIL potential functions in the tumor...
2022: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35165860/tumor-stroma-interaction-and-cancer
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michael P Rogers, Zhiyong Mi, Neill Y Li, Philip Y Wai, Paul C Kuo
The understanding of how normal cells transform into tumor cells and progress to invasive cancer and metastases continues to evolve. The tumor mass is comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells that include recruited host immune cells, stromal cells, matrix components, and endothelial cells. This tumor microenvironment plays a fundamental role in the acquisition of hallmark traits, and has been the intense focus of current research. A key regulatory mechanism triggered by these tumor-stroma interactions includes processes that resemble epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a physiologic program that allows a polarized epithelial cell to undergo biochemical and cellular changes and adopt mesenchymal cell characteristics...
2022: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35165859/cancer-immunoediting-elimination-equilibrium-and-immune-escape-in-solid-tumors
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jacek R Wilczyński, Marek Nowak
Emphasizing the dynamic processes between cancer and host immune system, the initially discovered concept of cancer immunosurveillance has been replaced by the current concept of cancer immunoediting consisting of three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Solid tumors composed of both cancer and host stromal cells are an example how the three phases of cancer immunoediting functionally evolve and how tumor shaped by the host immune system gets finally resistant phenotype. The elimination, equilibrium, and escape have been described in this chapter in details, including the role of immune surveillance, cancer dormancy, disruption of the antigen-presenting machinery, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, resistance to apoptosis, as well as the function of tumor stroma, microvesicles, exosomes, and inflammation...
2022: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35614375/correction-to-antibody-glycosylation
#25
Marija Pezer
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687023/glycosylation-of-antigen-specific-antibodies-perspectives-on-immunoglobulin-g-glycosylation-in-vaccination-and-immunotherapy
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pranay Bharadwaj, Margaret E Ackerman
Exciting developments have been made in understanding antibody-mediated immunity, deepening understanding of antibody effector functions increasingly recognized as critical mechanisms of action beyond antigen recognition, and significantly broadening the evidence base for the importance of these effector mechanisms across diverse infectious and autoimmune diseases. Because these activities critically depend on the specific glycoforms present on a conserved site of the IgG Fc domain, relationships between the Fc glycosylation profiles of antigen-specific antibody pools and outcomes in infectious and autoimmune disease have begun to be defined, pointing to the key role of this posttranslational modification as a biomarker and mechanistic modifier of antibody-mediated immunity...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687022/the-rapidly-expanding-nexus-of-immunoglobulin-g-n-glycomics-suboptimal-health-status-and-precision-medicine
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Alyce Russell, Wei Wang
Immunoglobulin G is a prevalent glycoprotein, whose downstream immune responses are partially mediated by the N-glycans within the fragment crystallisable domain. Collectively termed the N-glycome, it is considered a complex intermediate phenotype: an amalgamation of genetic predisposition, environmental exposure, and health behaviours over the life-course. Thus, the immunoglobulin G N-glycome may provide an indication of health status on the spectrum from health to disease and infirmary. Although variability exists within and between populations, composition of the immunoglobulin G N-glycome remains stable over short periods of time...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687021/glycosylation-of-plant-produced-immunoglobulins
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kathrin Göritzer, Richard Strasser
Many economically important protein-based therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies are glycosylated. Due to the recognized importance of this type of posttranslational modification, glycoengineering of expression systems to obtain highly active and homogenous therapeutics is an emerging field. Although most of the monoclonal antibodies on the market are still produced in mammalian expression platforms, plants are emerging as an alternative cost-effective and scalable production platform that allows precise engineering of glycosylation to produce targeted human glycoforms at large homogeneity...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687020/importance-and-monitoring-of-therapeutic-immunoglobulin-g-glycosylation
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yusuke Mimura, Radka Saldova, Yuka Mimura-Kimura, Pauline M Rudd, Roy Jefferis
The complex diantennary-type oligosaccharides at Asn297 residues of the IgG heavy chains have a profound impact on the safety and efficacy of therapeutic IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Fc glycosylation of a mAb is an established critical quality attribute (CQA), and its oligosaccharide profile is required to be thoroughly characterized by state-of-the-art analytical methods. The Fc oligosaccharides are highly heterogeneous, and the differentially glycosylated species (glycoforms) of IgG express unique biological activities...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687019/immunoglobulin-a-glycosylation-and-its-role-in-disease
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Alyssa L Hansen, Colin Reily, Jan Novak, Matthew B Renfrow
Human IgA is comprised of two subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2. Monomeric IgA (mIgA), polymeric IgA (pIgA), and secretory IgA (SIgA) are the main molecular forms of IgA. The production of IgA rivals all other immunoglobulin isotypes. The large quantities of IgA reflect the fundamental roles it plays in immune defense, protecting vulnerable mucosal surfaces against invading pathogens. SIgA dominates mucosal surfaces, whereas IgA in circulation is predominately monomeric. All forms of IgA are glycosylated, and the glycans significantly influence its various roles, including antigen binding and the antibody effector functions, mediated by the Fab and Fc portions, respectively...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687018/immunoglobulin-g-glycosylation-in-diseases
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Marija Pezer
Changes in immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation pattern have been observed in a vast array of auto- and alloimmune, infectious, cardiometabolic, malignant, and other diseases. This chapter contains an updated catalog of over 140 studies within which IgG glycosylation analysis was performed in a disease setting. Since the composition of IgG glycans is known to modulate its effector functions, it is suggested that a changed IgG glycosylation pattern in patients might be involved in disease development and progression, representing a predisposition and/or a functional effector in disease pathology...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687017/sweet-rules-linking-glycosylation-to-antibody-function
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Falk Nimmerjahn, Anja Werner
Antibodies produced upon infections with pathogenic microorganisms are essential for clearing primary infections and for providing the host with long-lasting immunity. Moreover, antibodies have become the most widely used platform for developing novel therapies against cancer and autoimmunity, requiring an in-depth understanding of how antibodies mediate their activity in vivo and which factors modulate pro- or anti-inflammatory antibody activities. Since the discovery that select residues present in the sugar domain attached to the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fragment crystallizable (Fc) region can modulate both, pro- and anti-inflammatory effector functions, a wealth of studies has focused on understanding how IgG glycosylation is regulated and how this knowledge can be used to optimize therapeutic antibody activity...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687016/estrogen-driven-changes-in-immunoglobulin-g-fc-glycosylation
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kaitlyn A Lagattuta, Peter A Nigrovic
Glycosylation within the immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc region modulates its ability to engage complement and Fc receptors, affording the opportunity to fine-tune effector functions. Mechanisms regulating IgG Fc glycans remain poorly understood. Changes accompanying menarche, menopause, and pregnancy have long implicated hormonal factors. Intervention studies now confirm that estrogens enhance IgG Fc galactosylation, in females and also in males, defining the first pathway modulating Fc glycans and thereby a new link between sex and immunity...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687015/immunoglobulin-g-glycosylation-changes-in-aging-and-other-inflammatory-conditions
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Fabio Dall'Olio, Nadia Malagolini
Among the multiple roles played by protein glycosylation, the fine regulation of biological interactions is one of the most important. The asparagine 297 (Asn297 ) of IgG heavy chains is decorated by a diantennary glycan bearing a number of galactose and sialic acid residues on the branches ranging from 0 to 2. In addition, the structure can present core-linked fucose and/or a bisecting GlcNAc. In many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, as well as in metabolic, cardiovascular, infectious, and neoplastic diseases, the IgG Asn297 -linked glycan becomes less sialylated and less galactosylated, leading to increased expression of glycans terminating with GlcNAc...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687014/epigenetics-of-immunoglobulin-g-glycosylation
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Marija Klasić, Vlatka Zoldoš
Alternative glycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) affects its effector functions during the immune response. IgG glycosylation is altered in many diseases, but also during a healthy life of an individual. Currently, there is limited knowledge of factors that alter IgG glycosylation in the healthy state and factors involved in specific IgG glycosylation patterns associated with pathophysiology. Genetic background plays an important role, but epigenetic mechanisms also contribute to the alteration of IgG glycosylation patterns in healthy life and in disease...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687013/genetic-regulation-of-immunoglobulin-g-glycosylation
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Azra Frkatovic, Olga O Zaytseva, Lucija Klaric
Defining the genetic components that control glycosylation of the human immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an ongoing effort, which has so far been addressed by means of heritability, linkage and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Unlike the synthesis of proteins, N-glycosylation biosynthesis is not a template-driven process, but rather a complex process regulated by both genetic and environmental factors. Current heritability studies have shown that while up to 75% of the variation in levels of some IgG glycan traits can be explained by genetics, some glycan traits are completely defined by environmental influences...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687012/n-glycan-biosynthesis-basic-principles-and-factors-affecting-its-outcome
#37
REVIEW
Teemu Viinikangas, Elham Khosrowabadi, Sakari Kellokumpu
Carbohydrate chains are the most abundant and diverse of nature's biopolymers and represent one of the four fundamental macromolecular building blocks of life together with proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Indicative of their essential roles in cells and in multicellular organisms, genes encoding proteins associated with glycosylation account for approximately 2% of the human genome. It has been estimated that 50-80% of all human proteins carry carbohydrate chains-glycans-as part of their structure. Despite cells utilize only nine different monosaccharides for making their glycans, their order and conformational variation in glycan chains together with chain branching differences and frequent post-synthetic modifications can give rise to an enormous repertoire of different glycan structures of which few thousand is estimated to carry important structural or functional information for a cell...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687011/bioinformatics-in-immunoglobulin-glycosylation-analysis
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Frédérique Lisacek, Kathirvel Alagesan, Catherine Hayes, Steffen Lippold, Noortje de Haan
Analytical methods developed for studying immunoglobulin glycosylation rely heavily on software tailored for this purpose. Many of these tools are now used in high-throughput settings, especially for the glycomic characterization of IgG. A collection of these tools, and the databases they rely on, are presented in this chapter. Specific applications are detailed in examples of immunoglobulin glycomics and glycoproteomics data processing workflows. The results obtained in the glycoproteomics workflow are emphasized with the use of dedicated visualizing tools...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687010/automation-of-immunoglobulin-glycosylation-analysis
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jenifer L Hendel, Richard A Gardner, Daniel I R Spencer
The development of reliable, affordable, high-resolution glycomics technologies that can be used for many samples in a high-throughput manner are essential for both the optimization of glycosylation in the biopharmaceutical industry as well as for the advancement of clinical diagnostics based on glycosylation biomarkers. We will use this chapter to review the sample preparation processes that have been used on liquid-handling robots to obtain high-quality glycomics data for both biopharmaceutical and clinical antibody samples...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34687009/capillary-gel-electrophoresis-based-methods-for-immunoglobulin-g-glycosylation-analysis
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Samanta Cajic, René Hennig, Robert Burock, Erdmann Rapp
The in-depth characterization of protein glycosylation has become indispensable in many research fields and in the biopharmaceutical industry. Especially knowledge about modulations in immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation and their effect on immunity enabled a better understanding of human diseases and the development of new, more effective drugs for their treatment. This chapter provides a deeper insight into capillary (gel) electrophoresis-based (C(G)E) glycan analysis, addressing its impressive performance and possibilities, its great potential regarding real high-throughput for large cohort studies, as well as its challenges and limitations...
2021: Experientia. Supplementum
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