JAMA Network Open

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

IMPORTANCE: Expansion of opioid use disorder treatment is needed, particularly in rural communities. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate technology-assisted buprenorphine (TAB) efficacy (1) over a longer period than previously examined, (2) with the addition of overdose education, and (3) among individuals residing in rural communities. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Two parallel, 24-week randomized clinical trials were conducted at the University of Vermont between February 1, 2018, and June 30, 2022...

IMPORTANCE: While the relationship between persistent elevations in intracranial pressure (ICP) and poorer outcomes is well established for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is no consensus on how ICP measurements should drive treatment choices, and the effectiveness of ICP monitoring remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of ICP monitoring on short- and mid-term outcomes of patients with TBI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: CREACTIVE was a prospective cohort study that started in March 2014 and lasted 5 years...

IMPORTANCE: Fetal death during labor at term is a complication that is rarely studied in high-income countries. There is a need for large population-based studies to examine the rate of term intrapartum stillbirth in high-income countries and the factors associated with its occurrence. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in term intrapartum stillbirth over time and to investigate the association between the trends and term intrapartum stillbirth risk factors from 1999 to 2018 in Norway...

IMPORTANCE: Marked elevation in levels of depressive symptoms compared with historical norms have been described during the COVID-19 pandemic, and understanding the extent to which these are associated with diminished in-person social interaction could inform public health planning for future pandemics or other disasters. OBJECTIVE: To describe the association between living in a US county with diminished mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic and self-reported depressive symptoms, while accounting for potential local and state-level confounding factors...

IMPORTANCE: Hormonal contraception has been linked to mood symptoms and the ability to recognize emotions after short periods of treatment, whereas the mental health of users of long-term hormonal contraceptives has had limited investigation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether short-term hormonal withdrawal, which users of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) undergo once a month (pill pause), was associated with altered mood and emotional recognition in long-term users of COCs...

IMPORTANCE: Observational (nonexperimental) studies that aim to emulate a randomized trial (ie, the target trial) are increasingly informing medical and policy decision-making, but it is unclear how these studies are reported in the literature. Consistent reporting is essential for quality appraisal, evidence synthesis, and translation of evidence to policy and practice. OBJECTIVE: To assess the reporting of observational studies that explicitly aimed to emulate a target trial...

IMPORTANCE: A key concern about recreational cannabis legalization is increases in use and adverse consequences, particularly among young adults (aged 18-29 years) who have the highest prevalence of cannabis use, and especially in higher-risk, more vulnerable young adults. However, few longitudinal studies have examined patterns of cannabis consumption in high-risk young adults over the course of legalization. OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in cannabis use frequency and cannabis-related consequences over recreational cannabis legalization in Canada in a longitudinal sample of high-risk young adults...

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IMPORTANCE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) severity may be informed by premorbid sociodemographic factors. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether premorbid education, income, and marital status are associated with future MS disability and symptom severity, independent of treatment, in a universal health care context. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This nationwide observational cohort study examined data from the Swedish MS Registry linked to national population registries from 2000 to 2020...

IMPORTANCE: As patients achieve years of survival after treatment for prostate cancer, the risk of biochemical failure (BF) or prostate cancer-specific death (PCSD) may evolve over time, with clinical relevance to both patients and clinicians. OBJECTIVE: To determine conditional BF-free survival, PSCD, and overall survival estimates for patients with low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer enrolled in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0126 and RTOG 0415 clinical trials...

IMPORTANCE: Some payers and clinicians require alcohol abstinence to receive direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether alcohol use at DAA treatment initiation is associated with decreased likelihood of sustained virologic response (SVR). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study used electronic health records from the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the largest integrated national health care system that provides unrestricted access to HCV treatment...

IMPORTANCE: Postmenopausal individuals with type 2 diabetes are susceptible to fractures due to the interaction of elevated blood glucose levels and a deficiency of the hormone estrogen. Despite continued concerns of fracture risks associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), existing evidence in this high-risk population is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of fractures associated with SGLT2i vs incretin-based drugs of dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA), separately, in postmenopausal individuals with type 2 diabetes...

IMPORTANCE: One traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk of subsequent TBIs. Research on longitudinal outcomes of civilian repetitive TBIs is limited. OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between sustaining 1 or more TBIs (ie, postindex TBIs) after study enrollment (ie, index TBIs) and multidimensional outcomes at 1 year and 3 to 7 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study included participants presenting to emergency departments enrolled within 24 hours of TBI in the prospective, 18-center Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) study (enrollment years, February 2014 to July 2020)...

IMPORTANCE: Despite recent breakthroughs in therapy, advanced lung cancer still poses a therapeutic challenge. The survival profile of patients with metastatic lung cancer remains poorly understood by metastatic disease type (ie, de novo stage IV vs distant recurrence). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of metastatic disease type on overall survival (OS) among patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to identify potential mechanisms underlying any survival difference...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

IMPORTANCE: Private equity firms and publicly traded companies have been acquiring US hospice agencies; an estimated 16% of US hospice agencies are owned by private equity (PE) firms or publicly traded companies (PTC). OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of PE and PTC acquisitions of hospices with Medicare patients' site of care and clinical diagnoses. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study of US hospice agencies used a novel national database of acquisitions merged with the Medicare Post-Acute Care and Hospice Public Use File for 2013 to 2020...

IMPORTANCE: Few primary care patients complete guideline-recommended out-of-office blood pressure (BP) monitoring prior to having hypertension diagnosed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a behavioral theory-informed, multifaceted implementation strategy on out-of-office BP monitoring (ambulatory BP monitoring [ABPM] or home BP monitoring [HBPM]) among patients with new hypertension. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This 2-group, pre-post cluster randomized trial was conducted within a primary care network of 8 practices (4 intervention practices with 99 clinicians; 4 control practices with 55 clinicians) and 1186 patients (857 intervention; 329 control) with at least 1 visit with elevated office BP and no prior hypertension diagnosis between October 2016 and September 2017 (preimplementation period) or between April 2018 and March 2019 (postimplementation period)...

IMPORTANCE: Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained considerable attention in health care, yet concerns have been raised around appropriate methods and fairness. Current AI reporting guidelines do not provide a means of quantifying overall quality of AI research, limiting their ability to compare models addressing the same clinical question. OBJECTIVE: To develop a tool (APPRAISE-AI) to evaluate the methodological and reporting quality of AI prediction models for clinical decision support...

IMPORTANCE: The onset age of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is decreasing, and whether earlier ages of NAFLD onset are associated with increased cancer risk is currently unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between NAFLD new-onset age and cancer risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study was conducted among 179 328 participants included in the Kailuan Cohort Study between 2006 and 2021. In total, 46 100 incident NAFLD cases were identified...