JAMA Network Open

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

IMPORTANCE: Civilian penetrating brain injury (PBI) is associated with high mortality. However, scant literature is available to guide neurocritical care monitoring and management of PBI. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring with mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and dispositional outcomes in patients with severe PBI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This comparative effectiveness research study analyzed data from the Trauma Quality Improvement Program of the National Trauma Data Bank in the US from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019...

IMPORTANCE: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe and unrestrained inflammatory response with multiorgan involvement, which occurs within a few weeks following the resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. The complement system is a vital part of the innate immune system and plays a role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare the levels of complement components and regulators along with complement activation products in the different clinical spectrum of children with SARS-CoV-2 and a control group...

IMPORTANCE: Younger adults in China who are transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) experience high levels of minority stress (eg, stigma and bullying) and adverse mental health symptoms. However, there is a lack of research documenting mental health disparities compared with their cisgender and heterosexual peers. Studies that disaggregate TGNC and LGB individuals and are conducted in nonmetropolitan regions are also needed. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether younger adult students' psychiatric symptoms and suicide risk vary by sexual orientation and gender identity and identify risk factors within LGB younger adults and TGNC younger adults...

IMPORTANCE: Youths with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are at risk of pain crises, stroke, and early death. Complications can be reduced by the oral disease-modifying medication hydroxyurea, and in 2014, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute published revised guidelines that hydroxyurea should be offered to youths aged 9 months and older with SCA regardless of disease severity. OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in hydroxyurea use among youths with SCA before and after release of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines...

IMPORTANCE: Individuals with anorexia nervosa maintain extremely low body weights despite elevations in the circulating orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Whether circulating levels of endogenous ghrelin are associated with weight gain in anorexia nervosa is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between baseline ghrelin and future weight change in individuals with anorexia nervosa. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective cohort study was conducted between April 1, 2014, and March 31, 2020, in the US...

IMPORTANCE: Chronic hemodynamically significant aortic regurgitation (AR) is associated with excess risk of death, yet data for Asian patients are lacking, and whether Asian patients can abide by Western guidelines as to when aortic valve surgery should be performed is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess AR presentation and cutoffs of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-systolic dimension index (LVESDi), and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) that are associated with risk of death in Asian patients with AR...

IMPORTANCE: Food insecurity has a known association with prevalent impaired cognition. However, it is unknown whether food insecurity has a longitudinal association with cognitive decline among older adults. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether food insecurity is associated with a faster decline in cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study used data from a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries 65 years and older recruited for the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS)...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

IMPORTANCE: There is uncertainty as to which estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equation should be used among older adults. OBJECTIVE: To compare the 5 most commonly used creatinine-based eGFR equations in older adults, quantifying the concordance among the equations, comparing their discriminative capacity in regards to 15-year mortality, and identifying sources of potential discrepancies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study used data from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), a longitudinal study of adults aged 60 years or older in Sweden...

IMPORTANCE: Systematic reviews can help to justify a new randomized clinical trial (RCT), inform its design, and interpret its results in the context of prior evidence. OBJECTIVE: To assess trends and factors associated with citing (a marker of the use of) prior systematic reviews in RCT reports. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study investigated 737 Cochrane reviews assessing health interventions to identify 4003 eligible RCTs, defined as those included in an updated version but not in the first version of a Cochrane review and published 2 years after the first version of the Cochrane review was published...

IMPORTANCE: The prognosis for patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is dismal, due in part to chemoresistance. Bacteria-mediated mechanisms of chemoresistance suggest a potential role for antibiotics in modulating response to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether use of peritreatment antibiotics is associated with survival among patients with metastatic PDAC treated with first-line gemcitabine or fluorouracil chemotherapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked database, this retrospective cohort study analyzed data for patients diagnosed with PDAC between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2017...

IMPORTANCE: Outcomes of localized malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) remain poor despite multimodality therapy. It is unclear what role disparities have in the overall survival (OS) of patients with operable MPM. OBJECTIVE: To examine survival disparities associated with social determinants of health (SDOHs) and treatment access in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this observational, retrospective cohort study, patients with MPM diagnosed between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2017, were identified from the National Cancer Database with a maximum follow-up time of 13...

IMPORTANCE: Prior studies using large registries have suggested a modest increase in risk for neurodevelopmental diagnoses among children of mothers with immune activation during pregnancy, and such risk may be sex-specific. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether in utero exposure to SARS-CoV-2 is associated with sex-specific risk for neurodevelopmental disorders up to 18 months after birth, compared with unexposed offspring born during or prior to the COVID-19 pandemic period...

IMPORTANCE: End-of-rotation resident physician changeover is a key part of postgraduate training but could lead to discontinuity in patient care. OBJECTIVE: To test whether patients exposed to end-of-rotation resident changeover have longer hospital stays and whether this association is mitigated by separating resident and attending changeover days. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort analysis included adult patients admitted to general internal medicine...

IMPORTANCE: Substantial regional variation in cesarean delivery rates has been reported in China, but there is a lack of reports on hospital-level variation in these rates among low-risk deliveries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate hospital variation in cesarean rates in China for term, singleton, live vertex deliveries among women with no prior cesarean delivery and to estimate contributions of individual and hospital factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This nationwide cross-sectional study used data from maternal patient discharge records collected by the Hospital Quality Monitoring System in China from January 1 to December 31, 2020...