Progress in Biomaterials

A Lantana camara leaf (LC) extract was used as a mild reducing agent to produce silver metal nanoparticles (LC-AgNPs) efficiently. The size, shape, and morphology of synthesized silver nanoparticles were verified. LC-AgNPs were found in LC extract by XRD. The optimal concentrations of silver nitrate and LC extract necessary for the production of stable silver nanoparticles were determined. The LC-AgNPs were found spherical in form and monodispersed. Under optimal conditions, the round LC-AgNPs of 50-90 nm were utilized to cure lung cancer (A549 cell line) and breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines...

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Bone regeneration is one of the most well-known fields in tissue regeneration. The major focus concerns polymeric/ceramic composite scaffolds. In this work, several composite scaffolds based on chitosan (CH), with low and high molecular weights, and different concentrations of ceramics like mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG), mesoporous hydroxyapatite (MHAp) and both MBG and MHAp (MC) were produced by lyophilization. The purpose is to identify the best combination regarding optimal morphology and properties. The tests of the scaffolds present a highly porous structure with interconnected pores...

Hydrogels have been increasingly applied in tissue regeneration and drug delivery systems (DDS). In this study, the capacity of valproic acid (Val) encapsulated within hybrid of alginate (Alg)-chitosan (Cs) (Alg-Cs) hydrogel containing Cs nanoparticle (Npch) with/without human endometrial stem cells (hEnSC) was initially examined for regeneration of spinal cord injury (SCI). To evaluate the stability of the synthesized hydrogels zeta potential necessary measurements were made. Physicochemically, the developed hydrogels were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy...

Tissue engineering opens a new horizon for biological tissue replacement applications. Scaffolds, appropriate cells, and signaling induction are the main three determinant parameters in any tissue engineering applications. Designing a suitable scaffold which can mimic the cellular inherent and natural habitation is of great importance for cellular growth and proliferation. Just like a natural extracellular matrix (ECM), scaffolds provide the cells with an environment for performing biological functions. Accordingly, vast surface area and three-dimensional nanofibrous structures are among the pivotal characteristics of functional scaffolds in tissue engineering, and enhancement of their properties is the main purpose of the present research...

This study was conducted to synthesize γ-AlOOH (bohemite)-based nanocomposites (NCs) of Au/γ-AlOOH-NC and its functionalized derivative using chitosan (Au/γ-AlOOH/Ctn-NC) and with the help of one-step Mentha piperita. The physicochemical characteristics of the NCs were investigated. In addition, biomedical properties, such as antibacterial activity under in vitro and in vivo conditions, and cell viability were assessed. Wound healing activity on infected wounds and histological parameters were assessed...

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has stood out as the leading high-performance thermoplastic for the replacement of metals in orthopaedic, trauma and spinal implant applications due to its high biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Despite its potential for custom-made medical devices, 3D-printed PEEK's mechanical performance depends on processing parameters and its bioinertness may hinder bone opposition to the implant. Concerning these challenges, this review focuses on the available literature addressing the improvement of the mechanical performance of PEEK processed through "fused filament fabrication" (FFF) along with literature on bioactivation of PEEK for improved osseointegration...

Collagen has been widely used as a biomaterial for tissue regeneration. At the present, aqua-collagen derived from fish is poorly explored for biomedical material applications due to its insufficient thermal stability. To improve the bone repair ability and thermal stability of fish collagen, the tilapia skin collagen was crosslinked by EDC/NHS with heparin to bind specifically to BMP-2. The thermal stability of tilapia skin collagen crosslinked with heparin (HC-COL) was detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)...

Partially absorbable suture is useful for orthopedic repair as it possesses the capacity to promote a balance between strength, degradation rate and minimal inflammation. Still, the availability of partially absorbable suture is scarce. So far, no study has examined the mechanical strength and anti-microbial properties of partially absorbable monofilament suture made of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/polylactide (PLA)/chitosan (CHS); hence, the reason for this study with a view to improve knot strength, antimicrobial property and degradation rate...

During the past decades, many researchers have tried to encapsulate medicines in biopolymer nanogels as injectable medicines. In the present study, dual-responsive bovine serum albumin (BSA)-loaded nanogels prepared from sodium alginate grafted poly (N-vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL) have been reported. First, PNVCL-g-sodium alginate (PNVCL-g-Alg) was synthesized through free radical polymerization, and then nanogels were obtained from ionic crosslinking of sodium alginate in the presence of BSA. FTIR spectra showed that PNVCL-g-Alg nanogels were successfully prepared...

The preparation of hydrogels based on biopolymers like collagen and gum arabic gives a chance to provide novel options that can be used in biomedical field. Through a polymeric semi-interpenetration technique, collagen-based polymeric matrices can be associated with gum arabic while controlling its physicochemical and biological properties. To create novel hydrogels with their potential use in the treatment of wounds, the semi-interpenetration process, altering the concentration (0-40% by wt) of gum arabic in a collagen matrix is explored...

Diabetes mellitus is a fast-growing chronic metabolic condition caused by insulin deficiency or resistance, leading to lifelong insulin use. It has become one of the world's most difficult non-communicable diseases. The goal of this study was to view the effectiveness of the combined method of macro- and microencapsulation for islet transplantation. The process of 3D printing is used to make macroencapsulation bags with regulated diffusion properties thanks to the emerging small pored channels. The ink used to manufacture 3D-printed bags with controlled specifications was polyurethane solution (13% w/v)...

Tissue engineering (TE) employs scaffolds as a structural support for initially seeding of cells followed by development of new tissues. Electrospun scaffolds generally function as a template of native extracellular matrix (ECM). The chemical composition of the scaffold and its surface morphology strongly influence the interaction between various cell types and materials. In this work, PCL and PCL/HPMC-based composite membranes with varying concentrations of HPMC (20-30% by weight) were fabricated using electrospinning technique...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of degenerative joint disease, affecting more than 25% of the adults despite its prevalence in the elderly population. Most of the current therapeutic modalities aim at symptomatic treatment which lingers the disease progression. In recent years, regenerative medicine such as stem cell transplantation and tissue engineering has been suggested as a potential curative intervention for OA. The objective of this current study was to assess the safety and efficacy of an injectable tissue-engineered construct composed of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and collagen type I in rat model of OA...

The current work focuses on the formation of nanofibrous mats without the use of toxic solvents and metallic nanoparticles utilizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and a blend of nigella, honey, garlic, and olive oil. Using deionized water (DI) water as a solvent, nanofibrous mats composed of PVA/nigella/honey (PNH) and PVA/garlic/honey/olive oil (PGHO) were developed. Methanol extraction was utilized to extract the therapeutic components of nigella sativa. Antibacterial and moisture management tests (MMT) were employed to examine the antibacterial and absorbance characteristics of the PNH and PGHO nanofibrous...

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramics composed of hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate have attracted considerable attention as ideal bone substitutes for reconstructive surgery, orthopedics, and dentistry, owing to their similar chemical composition to bone mineral and biocompatibility. The addition of trace elements to BCP bioceramics, such as magnesium (Mg), cerium (Ce), and silicon (Si), can alter the physicochemical and biological properties of the resulting materials. To improve the anti-inflammatory activity of a pure BCP scaffold, this study developed a simple wet chemical precipitation and gel-casting method to fabricate microporous BCP scaffolds containing Si or Ce...

Mucoadhesive polymers improve oral bioavailability of drugs by prolonging the duration of adhesion of drugs with mucosa. Various methods could be employed to address the problems of mucoadhesive polymers like weak adhesion forces. Chemical modification of polymers, such as the addition of a thiol group or thiolation, is another way for improving the polymers' mucoadhesive properties that is studied in present research work. A novel thiomer of chitosan was prepared by attaching 2-mercaptobenzoic acid, a hydrophobic ligand onto it...

Recent innovations in nanotechnology have opened the applicability of multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) in biomedical diagnosis and treatment. The examples of NPs which have attracted considerable attention in recent years are metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Mg), alloys (e.g., Fe-Co, Fe-Pd, Fe-Pt, Co-Pt), iron oxides (e.g., Fe2 O3 and Fe3 O4 ), substituted ferrites (e.g., MnFe2 O4 and CoFe2 O4 ), manganites (e.g., [Formula: see text]), etc. Special attention has been paid to magnetic NPs (MNPs), as they are the potential candidates for several biomedical appliances, such as hyperthermia applications, magnetic resonance imaging, contrast imaging, and drug delivery...

Cryogels are macroporous hydrogels that have been widely utilized in a variety of biomedical applications including wound dressings. Cryogels reveal superior mechanical and swelling properties as well as large and interconnected porosity. As traditional hydrogel wound dressings generally show undesirable mechanical and swelling characteristics, cryogels, due to their toughness and superfast swelling, offer an outstanding platform to address the growing number of various types of wounds. Moreover, recently, cryogel wound dressings loaded with an antimicrobial agent emerged as a feasible option to reduce infection, and thus improve the wound healing process...

Decellularized tissue has been used as a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) or bioactive biomaterial for tissue engineering. The present study aims to compare and analyze different decellularization protocols for mouse liver fragments and cell seeding and attachment in the created scaffold using human endometrial mesenchymal cells (hEMCs).After collecting and dissecting the mouse liver into small fragments, they were decellularized by Triton X-100 and six concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; 0.025, 0...