Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy

OBJECTIVES: Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the oldest, yet first line drugs for treating epilepsy. However, there is a large inter-individual difference in requirement of maintenance dose and one third of persons treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) exhibit drug resistance to therapy. One of the proposed mechanisms for the drug resistance was increased expression of efflux transporter P-glycoprotein. The pharmacogenetic studies of drug transporters ( ABCB1 ) done in combination therapies of AEDs were inconclusive...

INTRODUCTION: Cancer biomarkers have revolutionized the field of oncology by providing valuable insights into tumor changes and aiding in screening, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment prediction, and risk assessment. The emergence of "omic" technologies has enabled biomarkers to become reliable and accurate predictors of outcomes during cancer treatment. CONTENT: In this review, we highlight the clinical utility of biomarkers in cancer identification and motivate researchers to establish a personalized/precision approach in oncology...

OBJECTIVES: Diabetic nephropathy is a chief reason of mortality particularly in individuals with renal dysfunction. The current research was aimed to assess the nephroprotective portion of Vaccinium oxycoccos toward mice diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin (STZ). V. oxycoccos was purchased and used for hydroalcoholic extraction. METHODS: Sixty male mice were subjected to STZ-intraperitoneal injection (45 mg/kg). After diabetes induction, mice were divided into five groups of diabetic control (received only STZ), non-diabetic control (received only citrate buffer), two V...

OBJECTIVES: Azathioprine (AZA) is an effective immunosuppressant commonly used for malignancy and immune-mediated disorders. The association between genetic polymorphisms and AZA-induced adverse effects has not been elucidated. Hence this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms of ITPA (C94A) with azathioprine-induced adverse effects. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 120 patients who were on AZA therapy for immunobullous disorders and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)...

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of ABCB1 (C3435T rs1045642, rs1128503, rs2032582, rs4148738), SLCO1B1 T521C rs4149056 genetic polymorphisms in the development of major types of methotrexate (MTX) toxicities and the occurrence of a terminal event (death, relapse) in pediatric АLL. METHODS: The study included 124 patients diagnosed with pediatric ALL. All patients treated according to the protocols of the German BFM group (2002/2009) with high-dose (1,000, 2,000 and 5,000 mg/m2 ) methotrexate...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the ever-increasing occurrences of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases around the world, very few medications have been validated in the clinical trials to combat COVID-19. Although several vaccines have been developed in the past quarter, the time elapsed between deployment and administration remains a major impediment. CONTENT: Repurposing of pre-approved drugs, such as phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, could be a game-changer while lessening the burden on the current healthcare system...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

OBJECTIVES: Tamsulosin is a first-line drug for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Despite its high ratings for efficacy and safety, these parameters may vary due to genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 enzyme, which is involved in the metabolism of the drug. This variability may have great impact on the therapy of LUTS associated with BPH and may require an individualized approach to drug selection. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6 on the efficacy and safety of tamsulosin therapy in patients with LUTS associated with BPH...

INTRODUCTION: Medicinal plants and herbs are the most important part of the Ayurveda. The term Rasayana in Charaka Samhita confers long life, youthfulness, strong body, freedom from diseases and the plants mentioned in Rsayana possess antiaging property. Aging is the collective term used for the complex detrimental physiological changes that reduce the functional ability of the cell. Oxidative stress, telomeres shortening, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are the main factors that regulate the aging process...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

OBJECTIVES: Radioactive iodine therapy is considered for patients with certain clinicopathological factors that predict a significant risk of recurrence, distant metastases of thyroid cancer or disease-specific mortality. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between polymorphisms of genes, products of which are involved in the processes of DNA damage response and autophagy, and the adverse reactions of radioiodine therapy in thyroid cancer patients. METHODS: The study included 181 patients (37 men, 144 women; median age 56 [41; 66...

INTRODUCTION: Despite the ever-increasing occurrences of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases around the world, very few medications have been validated in the clinical trials to combat COVID-19. Although several vaccines have been developed in the past quarter, the time elapsed between deployment and administration remains a major impediment. CONTENT: Repurposing of pre-approved drugs, such as phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, could be a game-changer while lessening the burden on the current healthcare system...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

OBJECTIVES: Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. is an edible vegetable fern of the Himalayan region with high nutritional and therapeutic value owing to its richness in various secondary metabolites and both macro and micronutrients. CONTENT: This updated review discusses the general traditional use, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, nutritional value, pharmacology, and toxicity concerns of D. esculentum. SUMMARY: The plant parts, viz. rhizomes, shoots, fronds and leaves, have immense ethnomedicinal importance, being traditionally used to cure several health disorders...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated the analysis of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to Tamoxifen (TAM) in breast cancer patients in relation to the carriage of genetic polymorphisms of genes encoding enzymes of CYP system and transporters of P-glycoprotein (Pg) and predictive models based on it. METHODS: 120 women with breast cancer taking adjuvant TAM were examined for the gene polymorphisms such as CYP2D6*4 , CYP3A5*3 , CYP2C9*2 , CYP2C9*3 , CYP2C19*2 , CYP2C19*3 and ABCB1 ( C3435T )...

OBJECTIVES: Radioactive iodine therapy is considered for patients with certain clinicopathological factors that predict a significant risk of recurrence, distant metastases of thyroid cancer or disease-specific mortality. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between polymorphisms of genes, products of which are involved in the processes of DNA damage response and autophagy, and the adverse reactions of radioiodine therapy in thyroid cancer patients. METHODS: The study included 181 patients (37 men, 144 women; median age 56 [41; 66...

OBJECTIVES: Antibiotic resistance is rising, prompting innovative strategies for eradicating the epidemic. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of the leaves of a widely used medicinal plant, Adhatoda vasica . METHODS: The plant's polar (water, methanol) and non-polar (hexane) extracts were tested against several different bacterial strains using the disc diffusion technique. RESULTS: In a study, it was found that the water extract had the greatest inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus simulans and Staphylococcus aureus , with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16...

INTRODUCTION: Medicinal plants and herbs are the most important part of the Ayurveda. The term Rasayana in Charaka Samhita confers long life, youthfulness, strong body, freedom from diseases and the plants mentioned in Rsayana possess antiaging property. Aging is the collective term used for the complex detrimental physiological changes that reduce the functional ability of the cell. Oxidative stress, telomeres shortening, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are the main factors that regulate the aging process...