journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37774132/what-have-we-learned-by-resurrecting-the-1918-influenza-virus
#1
REVIEW
Brad Gilbertson, Kanta Subbarao
The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic was one of the deadliest infectious disease events in recorded history, resulting in approximately 50-100 million deaths worldwide. The origins of the 1918 virus and the molecular basis for its exceptional virulence remained a mystery for much of the 20th century because the pandemic predated virologic techniques to isolate, passage, and store influenza viruses. In the late 1990s, overlapping fragments of influenza viral RNA preserved in the tissues of several 1918 victims were amplified and sequenced...
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37774131/introduction
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Terence S Dermody, Julie K Pfeiffer
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37774130/anticipating-the-next-ten-years-of-the-annual-review-of-virology
#3
EDITORIAL
Julie K Pfeiffer, Lynn W Enquist, Daniel DiMaio, Terence S Dermody
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37774129/a-mammalian-cell-s-guide-on-how-to-process-a-bacteriophage
#4
REVIEW
Leo Kan, Jeremy J Barr
Bacteriophages are enigmatic entities that defy definition. Classically, they are specialist viruses that exclusively parasitize bacterial hosts. Yet this definition becomes limiting when we consider their ubiquity in the body coupled with their vast capacity to directly interact with the mammalian host. While phages certainly do not infect nor replicate within mammalian cells, they do interact with and gain unfettered access to the eukaryotic cell structure. With the growing appreciation for the human virome, coupled with our increased application of phages to patients within clinical settings, the potential impact of phage-mammalian interactions is progressively recognized...
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37774128/viral-membrane-fusion-a-dance-between-proteins-and-lipids
#5
REVIEW
Judith M White, Amanda E Ward, Laura Odongo, Lukas K Tamm
There are at least 21 families of enveloped viruses that infect mammals, and many contain members of high concern for global human health. All enveloped viruses have a dedicated fusion protein or fusion complex that enacts the critical genome-releasing membrane fusion event that is essential before viral replication within the host cell interior can begin. Because all enveloped viruses enter cells by fusion, it behooves us to know how viral fusion proteins function. Viral fusion proteins are also major targets of neutralizing antibodies, and hence they serve as key vaccine immunogens...
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37774127/microviruses-a-world-beyond-phi-x174
#6
REVIEW
Paul C Kirchberger, Howard Ochman
Two decades of metagenomic analyses have revealed that in many environments, small (∼5 kb), single-stranded DNA phages of the family Microviridae dominate the virome. Although the emblematic microvirus phi X174 is ubiquitous in the laboratory, most other microviruses, particularly those of the gokushovirus and amoyvirus lineages, have proven to be much more elusive. This puzzling lack of representative isolates has hindered insights into microviral biology. Furthermore, the idiosyncratic size and nature of their genomes have resulted in considerable misjudgments of their actual abundance in nature...
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37774126/influenza-searching-for-pandemic-origins
#7
REVIEW
Robert G Webster
From a farming family of 13 children in New Zealand, I graduated with a Master of Science degree in microbiology from the University of Otago (Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand). I established the first veterinary virology laboratory at Wallaceville Animal Research Station. I subsequently completed my PhD degree at Australian National University (Canberra, Australia) and a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan). While in New South Wales, Australia, a walk on a beach littered with dead mutton birds (shearwaters) with Dr...
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37774125/segmented-negative-sense-rna-viruses-of-humans-genetic-systems-and-experimental-uses-of-reporter-strains
#8
REVIEW
Cait E Hamele, M Ariel Spurrier, Rebecca A Leonard, Nicholas S Heaton
Negative-stranded RNA viruses are a large group of viruses that encode their genomes in RNA across multiple segments in an orientation antisense to messenger RNA. Their members infect broad ranges of hosts, and there are a number of notable human pathogens. Here, we examine the development of reverse genetic systems as applied to these virus families, emphasizing conserved approaches illustrated by some of the prominent members that cause significant human disease. We also describe the utility of their genetic systems in the development of reporter strains of the viruses and some biological insights made possible by their use...
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37774124/regulation-of-immune-homeostasis-inflammation-and-hiv-persistence-by-the-microbiome-short-chain-fatty-acids-and-bile-acids
#9
REVIEW
Ana Beatriz Enriquez, Felipe Ten Caten, Khader Ghneim, Rafick-Pierre Sekaly, Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) continue to experience chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, which drives the persistence of latent HIV and prevalence of clinical comorbidities. Elucidating the mechanisms that lead to suboptimal immunity is necessary for developing therapeutics that improve the quality of life of PLWH. Although previous studies have found associations between gut dysbiosis and immune dysfunction, the cellular/molecular cascades implicated in the manifestation of aberrant immune responses downstream of microbial perturbations in PLWH are incompletely understood...
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37380187/cbass-to-cgas-sting-the-origins-and-mechanisms-of-nucleotide-second-messenger-immune-signaling
#10
REVIEW
Kailey M Slavik, Philip J Kranzusch
Host defense against viral pathogens is an essential function for all living organisms. In cell-intrinsic innate immunity, dedicated sensor proteins recognize molecular signatures of infection and communicate to downstream adaptor or effector proteins to activate immune defense. Remarkably, recent evidence demonstrates that much of the core machinery of innate immunity is shared across eukaryotic and prokaryotic domains of life. Here, we review a pioneering example of evolutionary conservation in innate immunity: the animal cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes) signaling pathway and its ancestor in bacteria, CBASS (cyclic nucleotide-based antiphage signaling system) antiphage defense...
September 29, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37406341/cross-kingdom-interactions-between-plant-and-fungal-viruses
#11
REVIEW
Ida Bagus Andika, Mengyuan Tian, Ruiling Bian, Xinran Cao, Ming Luo, Hideki Kondo, Liying Sun
The large genetic and structural divergences between plants and fungi may hinder the transmission of viruses between these two kingdoms to some extent. However, recent accumulating evidence from virus phylogenetic analyses and the discovery of naturally occurring virus cross-infection suggest the occurrence of past and current transmissions of viruses between plants and plant-associated fungi. Moreover, artificial virus inoculation experiments showed that diverse plant viruses can multiply in fungi and vice versa...
July 5, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37406340/small-but-highly-versatile-the-viral-accessory-protein-vpu
#12
REVIEW
Meta Volcic, Lisa Wiesmüller, Frank Kirchhoff
Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs, respectively) encode several small proteins (Vif, Vpr, Nef, Vpu, and Vpx) that are called accessory because they are not generally required for viral replication in cell culture. However, they play complex and important roles for viral immune evasion and spread in vivo. Here, we discuss the diverse functions and the relevance of the viral protein U (Vpu) that is expressed from a bicistronic RNA during the late stage of the viral replication cycle and found only in HIV-1 and closely related SIVs...
July 5, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37380186/immunomodulation-by-enteric-viruses
#13
REVIEW
Lucie Bernard-Raichon, Ken Cadwell
Enteric viruses display intricate adaptations to the host mucosal immune system to successfully reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract and cause maladies ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening disease upon extraintestinal dissemination. However, many viral infections are asymptomatic, and their presence in the gut is associated with an altered immune landscape that can be beneficial or adverse in certain contexts. Genetic variation in the host and environmental factors including the bacterial microbiota influence how the immune system responds to infections in a remarkably viral strain-specific manner...
June 28, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37339768/structural-and-functional-insights-into-viral-programmed-ribosomal-frameshifting
#14
REVIEW
Chris H Hill, Ian Brierley
Protein synthesis by the ribosome is the final stage of biological information transfer and represents an irreversible commitment to gene expression. Accurate translation of messenger RNA is therefore essential to all life, and spontaneous errors by the translational machinery are highly infrequent (∼1/100,000 codons). Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1PRF) is a mechanism in which the elongating ribosome is induced at high frequency to slip backward by one nucleotide at a defined position and to continue translation in the new reading frame...
June 20, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37308086/block-the-spread-barriers-to-transmission-of-influenza-viruses
#15
REVIEW
Valerie Le Sage, Anice C Lowen, Seema S Lakdawala
Respiratory viruses, such as influenza viruses, cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide through seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. Influenza viruses transmit through multiple modes including contact (either direct or through a contaminated surface) and inhalation of expelled aerosols. Successful human to human transmission requires an infected donor who expels virus into the environment, a susceptible recipient, and persistence of the expelled virus within the environment. The relative efficiency of each mode can be altered by viral features, environmental parameters, donor and recipient host characteristics, and viral persistence...
June 12, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37285578/structure-and-role-of-o-linked-glycans-in-viral-envelope-proteins
#16
REVIEW
Sigvard Olofsson, Marta Bally, Edward Trybala, Tomas Bergström
N- and O-glycans are both important constituents of viral envelope glycoproteins. O-linked glycosylation can be initiated by any of 20 different human polypeptide O-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases, resulting in an important functional O-glycan heterogeneity. O-glycans are organized as solitary glycans or in clusters of multiple glycans forming mucin-like domains. They are functional both in the viral life cycle and in viral colonization of their host. Negatively charged O-glycans are crucial for the interactions between glycosaminoglycan-binding viruses and their host...
June 7, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37268008/a-glimpse-into-the-past-what-ancient-viral-genomes-reveal-about-human-history
#17
REVIEW
Axel A Guzmán-Solís, Miguel Alejandro Navarro, María C Ávila-Arcos, Daniel Blanco-Melo
Humans have battled viruses for millennia. However, directly linking the symptomatology of disease outbreaks to specific viral pathogens was not possible until the twentieth century. With the advent of the genomic era and the development of advanced protocols for isolation, sequencing, and analysis of ancient nucleic acids from diverse human remains, the identification and characterization of ancient viruses became feasible. Recent studies have provided invaluable information about past epidemics and made it possible to examine assumptions and inferences on the origin and evolution of certain viral families...
June 2, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37268007/developing-phage-therapy-that-overcomes-the-evolution-of-bacterial-resistance
#18
REVIEW
Agnès Oromí-Bosch, Jyot D Antani, Paul E Turner
The global rise of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens and the waning efficacy of antibiotics urge consideration of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Phage therapy is a classic approach where bacteriophages (bacteria-specific viruses) are used against bacterial infections, with many recent successes in personalized medicine treatment of intractable infections. However, a perpetual challenge for developing generalized phage therapy is the expectation that viruses will exert selection for target bacteria to deploy defenses against virus attack, causing evolution of phage resistance during patient treatment...
June 2, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37254097/breaking-boundaries-the-perpetual-interplay-between-tobamoviruses-and-plant-immunity
#19
REVIEW
Ziv Spiegelman, Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
Plant viruses of the genus Tobamovirus cause significant economic losses in various crops. The emergence of new tobamoviruses such as the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a major threat to global agriculture. Upon infection, plants mount a complex immune response to restrict virus replication and spread, involving a multilayered defense system that includes defense hormones, RNA silencing, and immune receptors. To counter these defenses, tobamoviruses have evolved various strategies to evade or suppress the different immune pathways...
May 30, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37137281/structures-and-mechanisms-of-nonsegmented-negative-strand-rna-virus-polymerases
#20
REVIEW
Mohamed Ouizougun-Oubari, Rachel Fearns
The nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA viruses (nsNSVs), also known as the order Mononegavirales , have a genome consisting of a single strand of negative-sense RNA. Integral to the nsNSV replication cycle is the viral polymerase, which is responsible for transcribing the viral genome, to produce an array of capped and polyadenylated messenger RNAs, and replicating it to produce new genomes. To perform the different steps that are necessary for these processes, the nsNSV polymerases undergo a series of coordinated conformational transitions...
May 3, 2023: Annual Review of Virology
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