Comparative Cytogenetics

The genus Allium Linnaeus, 1753 (tribe Allieae) contains about 800 species worldwide of which almost 38 species are reported in India, including the globally important crops (onion, garlic, leek, shallot) and many wild species. A satisfactory chromosomal catalogue of Allium species is missing which has been considered in the review for the species occurring in India. The most prominent base number is x=8, with few records of x=7, 10, 11. The genome size has sufficient clues for divergence, ranging from 7.8 pg/1C to 30...

Aegilopscomosa Smith in Sibthorp et Smith, 1806 is diploid grass with MM genome constitution occurring mainly in Greece. Two morphologically distinct subspecies - Ae.c.comosa Chennaveeraiah, 1960 and Ae.c.heldreichii (Holzmann ex Boissier) Eig, 1929 are discriminated within Ae.comosa , however, genetic and karyotypic bases of their divergence are not fully understood. We used Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with repetitive DNA probes and electrophoretic analysis of gliadins to characterize the genome and karyotype of Ae...

Snakehead fishes of the family Channidae are obligatory air-breathers freshwater predators, the vast majority of which belong to the genus Channa Scopoli, 1777. Channa species are characterized by high karyotypic diversity due to various types of chromosomal rearrangements. It is assumed that, in addition to the lifestyle, fragmentation and isolation of snakehead populations contribute to an increase in karyotypic diversity. However, the chromosome complements of many isolated populations of widespread Channa species remain unknown, and the direction of karyotype transformations is poorly understood...

The genus Adenomera Steindachner, 1867 currently comprises 29 nominal species, some of which are suggested to be cryptic species complexes. The present study was carried out with specimens of the " thomei " clade that encompasses three taxa distributed in the Atlantic Forest biome: Adenomerathomei Almeida et Angulo, 2006, Adenomera sp. L., and Adenomera sp. M. We used classical cytogenetics to describe the diploid number and karyomorphology of these three species collected in two different locations in the state of Bahia, Brazil...

Karyotype and COI gene sequences of Chironomusmelanotus Keyl, 1961 from the Yaroslavl region (Russia) were analyzed. A low level of chromosomal polymorphism has been confirmed, eventually eight banding sequences were found: melA1, melB1, melC1, melD1, melE1, melF1, and melG1; only melD2 was found in two larvae from the Sunoga river. Analysis of phylogenetic tree and estimated genetic distances has shown not all COI gene sequences of Ch.melanotus in GenBank and BOLD to belong to this species. The lower distance of 0...

B chromosomes (Bs) are supernumerary to the standard chromosome set, from which they prevalently derive. Variation in numbers both among individuals or populations and among cells within individuals is their constant feature. Leisler's bat Nyctalusleisleri (Kuhl, 1817) is one of only four species of Chiroptera with detected Bs. Four males of N.leisleri were collected from two localities on the territory of Serbia and cytogenetically analysed. All animals had Bs with interindividual variability ranging from two to five heterochromatic micro Bs...

The cytogenetic relationships in the species of Cucurbitaceae are becoming immensely important to answer questions pertaining to genome evolution. Here, a simplified and updated data resource on cytogenetics of Cucurbitaceae is presented on the basis of foundational parameters (basic, zygotic and gametic chromosome numbers, ploidy, genome size, karyotype) and molecular cytogenetics. We have revised and collated our own findings on seven agriculturally important Indian cucurbit species in a comparative account with the globally published reports...

The Afrotropical lutefish family Citharinidae (Citharinoidei, Characiformes) comprises three genera with eight species in total. Although Citharinidae have been studied in terms of taxonomy and systematics, no cytogenetic information was available for any representative of the family. Furthermore, only one species out of 116 in Citharinoidei ( Distichodusaffinis Günther, 1873) has been studied cytogenetically. Here, we report the karyotypes of Citharinuscitharus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809) from West Africa and Citharinuslatus Müller et Troschel, 1844 from Northeast Africa...

The genus Eigenmannia Jordan et Evermann,1896 includes electric fishes endemic to the Neotropical region with extensive karyotype variability and occurrence of different sex chromosome systems, however, cytogenetic studies within this group are restricted to few species. Here, we describe the karyotypes of Eigenmannialimbata (Schreiner et Miranda Ribeiro, 1903) and E.microstoma (Reinhardt, 1852) and the chromosomal locations of 5S and 18S rDNAs (ribosomal RNA genes) and U2 snDNA (small nuclear RNA gene). Among them, 18S rDNA sites were situated in only one chromosomal pair in both species, and co-localized with 5S rDNA in E...

Species Chironomussp.propeagilis Kiknadze, Siirin, Filippova et al., 1991 belongs to the Ch.plumosus group of sibling species. It was described on the basis of its karyotype and analysis of isozymes from one population in the Urals but since then no quantitative data on chromosomal polymorphism of this species have been published. The goal of this study is to broaden our knowledge of the chromosomal polymorphism and distribution of the Chironomussp.propeagilis, which, along with the data on chromosomal polymorphism of other species from the Ch...

Haplogyne araneomorphs are a diverse spider clade. Their karyotypes are usually predominated by biarmed (i.e., metacentric and submetacentric) chromosomes and have a specific sex chromosome system, X1 X2 Y. These features are probably ancestral for haplogynes. Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) spread frequently from autosomes to sex chromosomes in these spiders. This study focuses on pholcids (Pholcidae), a highly diverse haplogyne family. Despite considerable recent progress in pholcid cytogenetics, knowledge on many clades remains insufficient including the most species-rich pholcid genus, Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805...

The Balkan Peninsula is one of the greatest hotspots for biodiversity in Europe. While the region has been investigated thoroughly, some parts remain understudied and may still harbour undiscovered diversity, even in well-studied organisms such as Lepidoptera. Here we investigated the group of the so-called anomalous blue butterflies, also known as 'brown complex' of the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822 including the taxa of the entire Polyommatusaroaniensis (Brown, 1976) species complex. This species complex is distributed in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and known to be represented by three closely related allopatric species, differentiated by their chromosome numbers (n) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA...

This paper provides new cytotaxonomic data on the genus Narcissus Linnaeus, 1753, in Algeria. Populations of seven taxa, N.tazetta Linnaeus, 1753, N.pachybolbus Durieu, 1847, N.papyraceus Ker Gawler, 1806, N.elegans (Haworth) Spach, 1846, N.serotinus sensu lato Linnaeus, 1753, including N.obsoletus (Haworth) Steudel, 1841, and N.cantabricus De Candolle, 1815, were karyologically investigated through chromosome counting and karyotype parameters. N.tazetta and N.elegans have the same number of chromosomes 2 n = 2 x = 20 with different karyotype formulas...

The Schedonorus - Lolium complex of the subtribe Loliinae (Poaceae) includes several economically important forage and turf grasses. This complex encompasses Lolium Linnaeus, 1753, Festuca Linnaeus, 1753 subgenus Schedonorus (P. Beauvois, 1824) Petermann, 1849 and Micropyropsis Romero Zarco et Cabezudo, 1983. New FISH results of 5S and 18S-26S rDNA sequences are presented for three species and the results are interpreted in a review of distribution patterns of 5S and 18S-26S rDNA sequences among other species in the complex...

We performed conventional and molecular cytogenetic studies on the Favitespentagona Esper, 1795, a scleractinian coral mostly found along the west coast of Japan. Karyotype analysis of F.pentagona by G-banding revealed a karyogram containing a homogenously staining region (HSR) on chromosome 10 in more than 50% of the examined metaphase spreads. This HSR consisted of sequences from 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, as demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA sequencing. We highlighted the development of four chromosomal FISH markers from repetitive genes such as U2 small nuclear RNA linked to 5S rRNA sequence (U2 snRNA-5S), 18S rRNA, histone H3, and uncharacterized gene FP-9X...

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We performed a molecular and cytogenetic analysis on different Mantellinae species and revised the available chromosomal data on this group to provide an updated assessment of its karyological diversity and evolution. Using a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, we performed a molecular taxonomic identification of the samples that were used for cytogenetic analyses. A comparative cytogenetic analysis, with Giemsa's staining, Ag-NOR staining and sequential C-banding + Giemsa + CMA + DAPI was performed on eight species: Gephyromantis sp...

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of chromosomal polymorphism in 19 natural populations of Ch.agilis had been performed. Most studied populations showed a medium level of chromosomal polymorphism: on average 45±3.0% of specimens are heterozygotes with 0.52±0.01 heterozygotic inversion per larvae. Besides inversions, B-chromosomes were found in two populations. The total number of banding sequences found in banding sequence pool of Ch.agilis is 16. Three banding sequences - p'agiB3, p'agiD3, p'agiF3 - are described for the first time...

In our study, FISH mapping using 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA and 5S rDNA sequences was performed for the first time on Ophrystenthredinifera Willdenow, 1805, Serapiasvomeracea (Burman f., 1770) Briquet, 1910 and Himantoglossumhircinum (Linnaeus, 1753) Sprengel, 1826. A detailed study was also performed on O.tenthredinifera using Giemsa-staining, silver-staining, CMA fluorescence banding and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with rDNA probes. We analysed two subspecies, i.e. O.tenthrediniferasubsp.neglecta (Parlatore, 1860) E...

A new species, Rhaphidosomapaganicum sp. nov. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Rhaphidosomatini), is described from the Dry Zone of Myanmar. It is the fifth species of Rhaphidosoma Amyot et Serville, 1843, known from the Oriental Region, and the first record of the genus for Myanmar and Indochina. The structure of the external and internal terminalia of the male and female is described and illustrated in detail. The completely inflated endosoma is described for the first time in reduviids. The complex structure of the ductus seminis is shown; it terminates with a voluminous seminal chamber which opens with a wide secondary gonopore and may be a place where spermatophores are formed...