International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism

INTRODUCTION: Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune condition affecting the thyroid gland. The aim of treating GD is to control the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and achieve long-term remission. Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) are the medications of choice among newly-diagnosed GD patients as they are easy to be delivered and cause remission in more than 50% of patients. However, ATDs increase the risk of hepatotoxicity, especially among patients with liver abnormalities. Patients who cannot tolerate ATDs should receive definitive therapy such as radioactive iodine (RAI) or surgery...

CONTEXT: Global reports have revealed a dramatic rise in the number of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) over the past three decades in all age groups, even in children and adolescents. The physiologic phenomenon of insulin resistance during puberty, as well as genetic and epigenetic factors, are implicated in this phenomenon. It seems that patients with early-onset T2DM experience a more aggressive clinical course; however, limited treatments available for these patients pose a challenge...

BACKGROUND: The harmful impact of ovariectomy on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (M/IR) injury has been established in the short term. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of ovariectomy on M/IR injury. METHODS: Two methods involving dorsolateral skin incisions were used to induce the ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. The rats were divided into 2 groups: Control and OVX (n = 6). At the end of the study, the hearts were isolated and subjected to global ischemia using the Langendorff apparatus...

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that sphingosine kinase (SK) 2 plays a role in maintaining metabolism and glucose homeostasis. However, the mechanism remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: The present research aimed to further investigate the effect of SK2 knockout on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and metabolic regulation. METHODS: Male SK2-/- and wild-type (WT) control mice were challenged with HFD for 8 weeks. Then, body composition, inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) histology, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT), and metabolic parameters were examined, and expression levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a key molecular marker of thermogenesis, in IWAT were determined...

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence about the relationship between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and infectious diseases, our knowledge of DKA during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the DKA situation among individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic. METHODS: This retrospective-longitudinal study included individuals with T1DM and T2DM hospitalized with newly diagnosed DKA before (March to August 2018 and 2019) and during (March to August 2020 and 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic...

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an uncommon transient neuroradiological phenomenon that develops vasogenic cerebral edema and could be caused by some pharmacological agents, such as molecular-specific target agents. Lenvatinib belongs to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors and was approved in 2015 for progressive locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer refractory to radioactive iodine (I-131) treatment. Herein, we present the case of a 65-year-old woman who, while receiving treatment with lenvatinib for radioiodine-refractory metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma, developed PRES without hypertension at the initial evaluation...

INTRODUCTION: Ganglioneuromas are tumors of neurogenic origin usually located in the abdomen, the adrenal glands, and the mediastinum but infrequently found in the neck region. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a four-year-old Albanian girl presenting with an anterior neck mass initially suspected to be a thyroid nodule. From a clinical point of view, there was no evidence of compression on vital cervical structures. Lab tests detected normal serum thyrotropin, calcitonin, and parathormone concentrations...

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread quickly. Comorbidities, such as diabetes, have been determined as critical risk factors for COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the frequency and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This retrospective study examined children aged less than 18 years diagnosed with DKA hospitalized in Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Hospital from February 20, 2020, to November 21, 2021...

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CONTEXT: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still a cause of worldwide health concern. Diabetes and its associated comorbidities are risk factors for mortality and morbidity in COVID-19. Selecting the right antidiabetic drug to achieve optimal glycemic control might mitigate some of the negative impacts of diabetes. Metformin continues to be the most widely administered antidiabetic agent. There is evidence of its beneficial outcome in COVID-19 independent of its glucose-lowering effect...

BACKGROUND: Male infertility is a growing health problem. It is proposed that infertility is associated with some metabolic abnormalities. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of self-reported male infertility and related metabolic disturbances. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). A total of 1526 males participated in the study. Logistic regression was used to examine metabolic factors associated with self-reported male infertility...

BACKGROUND: Calorie restriction without malnutrition is likely to improve cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate calorie restriction on markers of cardiometabolic risk in overweight/obese adults with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: In a parallel controlled trial, patients with overweight or obesity and one or more cardiovascular risk factor were randomized to a modest reduced-calorie diet (75% of the total calculated energy requirements) or control (no calorie restriction) groups and followed up for two months...

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a multifactorial, chronic, progressive disease associated with decreased health-related quality of life, comorbidities, and increased mortality risk. Lifestyle interventions, focusing on dietetics, physical exercise, and behavioral therapy, are a cornerstone of therapy. Despite this very multidisciplinary treatment approach, the definition of treatment success is often based only on a weight loss of ≥ 5%. However, the heterogeneous nature of obesity may necessitate a more comprehensive approach to assessing treatment effects...

CONTEXT: The ability of self-manage was important for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and it was supported and depend on the method used. We aimed to summarize the potential method of self-management to improve self-empowerment. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: To obtain the related data, 5 databases, including Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, CINAHL, and SAGE, were comprehensively searched. The search was done in advance using the Boolean operator. The full texts of articles presenting data on self-management methods were screened and retrieved...

BACKGROUND: Accurate evaluation of response to treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the sine qua non of preventing over-treatment in low-risk patients and implementing appropriate interventions in high-risk individuals. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the response to therapy in DTC patients based on dynamic stratification method. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 154 medical records of subjects with DTC (with at least 6 months after total thyroidectomy) and referred to endocrinology clinics in Ahvaz, Iran, from April 2020 to May 2021 were examined...

Scientific publishing, with about 350-year historical background, has played a central role in advancing science by disseminating new findings, generalizing accepted theories, and sharing novel ideas. The number of scientific journals has exponentially grown from 10 at the end of the 17th century to 100,000 at the end of the 20th century. The publishing landscape has dramatically changed over time from printed journals to online publishing. Although scientific publishing was initially non-commercial, it has become a profitable industry with a significant global financial turnover, reaching $28 billion in annual revenue before the COVID-19 pandemic...

INTRODUCTION: A female patient, 48 years of age, with a complaint of recurrent episodes of diffuse chest pain, vertigo, and shortness of breath in the last five years, presented needing immediate medical attention. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was evaluated and suspected of severe hypotension, cold hands, and feet with distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds. ECG revealed low voltage complexes and large pericardial effusion with a collapse in the diastole of the right auricle and ventricle...

BACKGROUND: The newborn screening program for diagnosing and treating children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in Iran was established in 2004. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the national program's success in maintaining the physical development and anthropometric indexes of children with CH. METHODS: This historical cohort study was carried out in five provinces located in five different geographical regions of Iran. The anthropometric indexes, including weight, height, and head circumference of 240 children diagnosed with transient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH) (n = 131) and permanent congenital hypothyroidism (PCH) (n = 109) were measured and compared with those of 240 healthy children aged six...

BACKGROUND: The current study aimed to compare fetal myocardial function and ventricular thickness in diabetic and normal pregnancies. METHODS: Women with singleton pregnancies in the second or third trimester who were referred for routine prenatal or anomaly ultrasounds within March 2020 to February 2021 were enrolled in the study. Women with a positive history of overt or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were considered the case group (n = 50), and women without GDM were considered the control group (n = 50)...

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) screening should be performed continuously at the primary care level in order to prevent disabling complications. Due to the high prevalence of undiagnosed T2D in the Republic of Uzbekistan, a decision was made to implement a nationwide screening program for T2D. OBJECTIVES: The current study, taking into account the limited resources of Uzbekistan's health care system, aimed to offer the most effective, simple, and economical option required for the actual implementation of regular T2D screening in the country's primary care...