journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27695655/probing-and-rearranging-the-transcription-factor-network-controlling-the-c-elegans-endoderm
#21
COMMENT
Tobias Wiesenfahrt, Erin Osborne Nishimura, Janette Y Berg, James D McGhee
The ELT-2 GATA factor is the predominant transcription factor regulating gene expression in the C. elegans intestine, following endoderm specification. We comment on our previous study (Wiesenfahrt et al., 2016) that investigated how the elt-2 gene is controlled by END-1, END-3 and ELT-7, the 3 endoderm specific GATA factors that lie upstream in the regulatory hierarchy. We also discuss the unexpected result that ELT-2, if expressed sufficiently early and at sufficiently high levels, can specify the C. elegans endoderm, replacing the normal functions of END-1 and END-3...
2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27695654/gamete-interactions-require-transmembranous-immunoglobulin-like-proteins-with-conserved-roles-during-evolution
#22
COMMENT
Hitoshi Nishimura, Steven W L'Hernault
C. elegans spe-9 class genes are male germline-enriched in their expression and indispensable during sperm-oocyte fusion. Identification of mammalian orthologs that exhibit similar functions to these C. elegans genes has been a challenge. The mouse Izumo1 gene encodes a sperm-specific, immunoglobulin (Ig)-like transmembrane (TM) protein that is required for gamete fusion. We recently identified the C. elegans spe-45 gene, which shows male germline-enriched expression and encodes an Ig-like TM protein. spe-45 mutant worms produced otherwise normal spermatozoa that cannot fuse with oocytes, causing essentially the same phenotype as that seen in the Izumo1-knockout mice...
2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27695653/mechanism-of-chromatin-segregation-to-the-nuclear-periphery-in-c-elegans-embryos
#23
COMMENT
Adriana Gonzalez-Sandoval, Susan M Gasser
In eukaryotic organisms, gene regulation occurs in the context of chromatin. In the interphase nucleus, euchromatin and heterochromatin occupy distinct space during cell differentiation, with heterochromatin becoming enriched at the nuclear and nucleolar peripheries. This organization is thought to fine-tune gene expression. To elucidate the mechanisms that govern this level of genome organization, screens were carried out in C. elegans which monitored the loss of heterochromatin sequestration at the nuclear periphery...
2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27695652/current-advances-in-the-functional-studies-of-fatty-acids-and-fatty-acid-derived-lipids-in-c-elegans
#24
REVIEW
Lu Ying, Huanhu Zhu
Fatty acids and fatty acid-derived lipids (FAs/FADLs) play essential roles in many living organisms, including contributions to membrane structure and signaling transduction. Aberrant metabolism of FAs/FADLs often causes diseases and health problems. However, the detailed mechanistic studies of specific FAs/FADLs in vivo are limited. C. elegans has been an effective model system for FA/ FADL studies due to its powerful genetics and conserved lipid biosynthetic pathways. The recently developed high-throughput analytic tools also enable sophisticated profiling of lipids molecules in C...
2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27695651/new-insights-into-old-worm-proteomes
#25
COMMENT
Stephanie M Zimmerman, Stuart K Kim
Aging is accompanied by large-scale changes in the proteome, which could have important consequences for cellular and organismal physiology. In this commentary, we review recent studies characterizing the aging proteome in C. elegans. We assess the evidence that the rates of protein synthesis, folding, and degradation change with age in C. elegans, and evaluate whether changes in these pathways limit normal lifespan. We also discuss large-scale studies measuring changes in the proteome with age that suggest that a failure to excrete reproductive proteins in post-reproductive animals plays a role in changing protein levels with age...
2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27695650/globin-based-redox-signaling
#26
COMMENT
Sasha De Henau, Bart P Braeckman
In recent years, moderate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have become recognized as signaling cues that participate at all levels of cellular organization. Globins, with their redox-active heme iron and ubiquitous presence, seem ideally suited to participate in ROS metabolism. Here we comment on our recent findings that show the participation of a globin, GLB-12, in a redox signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that GLB-12 produces superoxide, a type of ROS, after which this is converted to what appears to be a hydrogen peroxide gradient over the plasma membrane by the activity of intracellular and extracellular superoxide dismutases...
2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27695649/marriage-shrines-and-worms-impacting-our-understanding-of-mammalian-fertilization
#27
COMMENT
Amber R Krauchunas, Andrew Singson
Genetic approaches in C. elegans are complementing the biochemical and antibody based strategies traditionally used to study the molecular underpinnings of fertilization in other organisms. A pair of worm studies, one based on forward genetics and one based on reverse genetics, converge on the sperm immunoglobulin superfamily molecule SPE-45. Loss of spe-45 function leads to the production of sperm that cannot fertilize wild-type eggs. This is a strikingly similar phenotype as those seen in mice lacking the immunoglobulin superfamily protein Izumo1...
2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27073739/nuclear-hormone-receptors-as-mediators-of-metabolic-adaptability-following-reproductive-perturbations
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ramesh Ratnappan, Jordan D Ward, Keith R Yamamoto, Arjumand Ghazi
Previously, we identified a group of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) that promote longevity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans following germline-stem cell (GSC) loss. This group included NHR-49, the worm protein that performs functions similar to vertebrate PPARα, a key regulator of lipid metabolism. We showed that NHR-49/PPARα enhances mitochondrial β-oxidation and fatty acid desaturation upon germline removal, and through the coordinated enhancement of these processes allows the animal to retain lipid homeostasis and undergo lifespan extension...
January 2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27073738/orchestrating-a-p-and-d-v-guidance-a-wnt-netrin-tale
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Naomi Levy-Strumpf
While ample information was gathered in identifying guidance cues and their downstream mediators, very little is known about how the information from multiple extracellular cues is intracellularly to generate normal patterning. Netrin and Wnt signaling pathways play key roles in normal development as well as in malignancies. In C. elegans, as in vertebrates, dorso-ventral (D/V) graded distributions of UNC-6/Netrin and antero-posterior (A/P) graded distributions of Wnts provide instructive polarity information to guide cells and axons along their respective gradients...
January 2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27073737/internal-genomic-regions-mobilized-for-telomere-maintenance-in-c-elegans
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Chuna Kim, Sanghyun Sung, Junho Lee
Because DNA polymerase cannot replicate telomeric DNA at linear chromosomal ends, eukaryotes have developed specific telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs). A major TMM involves specialized reverse transcriptase, telomerase. However, there also exist various telomerase-independent TMMs (TI-TMMs), which can arise both in pathological conditions (such as cancers) and during evolution. The TI-TMM in cancer cells is called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), whose mechanism is not fully understood...
January 2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27073736/redefining-the-role-of-syndecans-in-c-elegans-biology
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sandeep Gopal, John Couchman, Roger Pocock
Cytosolic calcium is an important factor during fertilization, development and differentiation. Hence, the control of cytosolic calcium levels has been studied extensively for several decades. Numerous calcium channels have been identified and their mechanism of action elucidated. However, the mode of calcium channel regulation remains elusive. Here we discuss our recent findings regarding the role of syndecans in the regulation of cytosolic calcium levels. Syndecans are transmembrane proteoglycans present in both vertebrates and invertebrates that interact with extracellular ligands resulting in the activation of several downstream signaling pathways...
January 2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27073735/fourier-transform-infrared-microspectroscopy-for-the-analysis-of-the-biochemical-composition-of-c-elegans-worms
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ming Sheng, András Gorzsás, Simon Tuck
Changes in intermediary metabolism have profound effects on many aspects of C. elegans biology including growth, development and behavior. However, many traditional biochemical techniques for analyzing chemical composition require relatively large amounts of starting material precluding the analysis of mutants that cannot be grown in large amounts as homozygotes. Here we describe a technique for detecting changes in the chemical compositions of C. elegans worms by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy...
January 2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27073734/neural-circuit-rewiring-insights-from-dd-synapse-remodeling
#33
REVIEW
Naina Kurup, Yishi Jin
Nervous systems exhibit many forms of neuronal plasticity during growth, learning and memory consolidation, as well as in response to injury. Such plasticity can occur across entire nervous systems as with the case of insect metamorphosis, in individual classes of neurons, or even at the level of a single neuron. A striking example of neuronal plasticity in C. elegans is the synaptic rewiring of the GABAergic Dorsal D-type motor neurons during larval development, termed DD remodeling. DD remodeling entails multi-step coordination to concurrently eliminate pre-existing synapses and form new synapses on different neurites, without changing the overall morphology of the neuron...
January 2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27073733/how-are-necrotic-cells-recognized-by-their-predators
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Zao Li, Zheng Zhou
Necrosis is a type of cell death often caused by cell injury and is linked to human diseases including neuron degeneration, stroke, and cancer. Cells undergoing necrosis are engulfed and degraded by engulfing cells, their predators. The mechanisms by which necrotic cells are recognized and removed remain elusive. Here we comment on our recent findings that reveal new molecular mechanisms of necrotic-cell recognition. Through studying the C. elegans touch neurons undergoing excitotoxic necrosis, we identified a receptor/ligand pair that enables engulfing cells to recognize necrotic neurons...
January 2016: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27123374/gata-transcription-factors-as-tissue-specific-master-regulators-for-induced-responses
#35
REVIEW
Dena Hs Block, Michael Shapira
GATA transcription factors play important roles in directing developmental genetic programs and cell differentiation, and are conserved in animals, plants and fungi. C. elegans has 11 GATA-type transcription factors that orchestrate development of the gut, epidermis and vulva. However, the expression of certain GATA proteins persists into adulthood, where their function is less understood. Accumulating evidence demonstrates contributions of 2 terminal differentiation GATA transcription factors, ELT-2 and ELT-3, to epithelial immune responses in the adult intestine and epidermis (hypodermis), respectively...
October 2015: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27123373/why-do-worms-go-against-the-flow-c-elegans-behaviors-explained-by-simple-physics
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Haim H Bau, David Raizen, Jinzhou Yuan
Nearly half a century of neurobiological research using the nematode Caenorahbitis elegans has produced a remarkably detailed understanding of how genotype controls behavioral phenotype. However, the role of simple physical forces in regulating behavior has been understudied. Here, we review our recent observations of 3 behaviors of C. elegans suspended in solution that can be fully explained by the laws of mechanics. These behaviors are bordertaxis, the attraction toward solid surfaces; positive rheotaxis, the propensity to swim against the flow; and synchrophilia, the tendency of animals when close to each other to synchronize their gaits...
October 2015: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27123372/trouble-in-transitioning-activation-of-zygotic-transcription-can-lead-to-dna-breakage-and-genome-instability
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Melina Butuči, Matthew M Wong, W Matthew Michael
Recent work from our laboratory has identified zygotic genome activation as a source of intrinsic DNA damage during germline development in C. elegans. More specifically, we have found that the primordial germ cells Z2 and Z3 experience DNA damage and damage checkpoint activation shortly after RNA polymerase II is activated by a nutrient-dependent signal in L1 stage animals. In this Commentary we review these data, put them into context with other examples of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during gene activation, and speculate as to how a DSB would facilitate signal-dependent activation of gene expression...
October 2015: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27123371/the-c-elegans-ortholog-of-usp7-controls-daf-16-stability-in-insulin-igf-1-like-signaling
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Thomas Heimbucher, Tony Hunter
FOXO family transcription factors are downstream effectors of Insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) and are regulated by posttranslational modification and coregulators, including components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Cofactors promoting DAF-16/FOXO protein stability and function in IIS have not been described yet. In a recent study, we have identified the deubiquitylating enzyme MATH-33, the ortholog of mammalian USP7/HAUSP, as an essential DAF-16 coregulator. We found that MATH-33 actively stabilizes DAF-16 protein levels when IIS is downregulated...
October 2015: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27123370/a-chemical-screen-to-identify-inducers-of-the-mitochondrial-unfolded-protein-response-in-c-elegans
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Manish Rauthan, Marc Pilon
We previously showed that inhibition of the mevalonate pathway in C. elegans causes inhibition of protein prenylation, developmental arrest and lethality. We also showed that constitutive activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, UPR(mt), is an effective way for C. elegans to become resistant to the negative effects of mevalonate pathway inhibition. This was an important finding since statins, a drug class prescribed to lower cholesterol levels in patients, act by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway, and it is therefore possible that some of their undesirable side effects could be alleviated by activating the UPR(mt)...
October 2015: Worm
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27123369/levels-and-location-are-crucial-in-determining-the-effect-of-ros-on-lifespan
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jeremy Michael Van Raamsdonk
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause molecular damage that accumulates with age and have been proposed to be one of the primary causes of aging. However, recent work indicates that ROS have beneficial roles in an organism and that the relationship between ROS and aging is complex. We have shown that increasing ROS levels or oxidative damage does not necessarily lead to decreased lifespan. We have also shown that in some cases increasing ROS can promote longevity. Further investigation of the factors that determine the effect of ROS on lifespan demonstrate that both the levels and location of ROS are important in predicting the impact of ROS on longevity...
October 2015: Worm
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