JAMA Pediatrics

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IMPORTANCE: The beneficial effects of increasing outdoor physical activity time on children's myopia onset and physical well-being are widely acknowledged. However, in countries with competitive educational systems, such as China, parents and school administrators may be relatively reluctant to increase the extracurricular physical activity time for children due to concerns that this action will compromise children's academic performance. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether additional extracurricular physical activity time after school compromises the academic performance of schoolchildren...

IMPORTANCE: It is unclear whether increased television (TV) and DVD viewing in early childhood from age 1 year decreases development or whether poor development increases TV/DVD viewing. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the directional association between TV/DVD screen time and performance on developmental screeners in children aged 1 to 3 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This longitudinal cohort study analyzed data from 57 980 children and mothers from a national birth cohort, the Japan Environment and Children's Study...

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IMPORTANCE: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) frequently fail during treatment causing therapy interruption, pain, recatheterization, and additional health care costs. Midline catheters (MCs) may improve functional dwell time and reduce failure compared with traditional PIVCs. OBJECTIVE: To compare device failure of MCs with PIVCs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a pragmatic, randomized clinical superiority trial with an embedded internal pilot study conducted from July 2020 to May 2022...

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IMPORTANCE: Currently, the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing (ES) and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for short stature cohorts is uncertain. Despite previous studies reporting the widespread use of ES and CMA, a definitive diagnostic yield has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic yield of ES and CMA in short stature. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search was conducted using relevant keywords in 3 databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) in February 2023...

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IMPORTANCE: In adults, treatment at profit dialysis facilities has been associated with a higher risk of death. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether profit status of dialysis facilities is associated with the risk of death in children with kidney failure treated with dialysis and whether any such association is mediated by differences in access to transplant. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study reviewed US Renal Data System records of 15 359 children who began receiving dialysis for kidney failure between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2019, in US dialysis facilities...

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IMPORTANCE: Children who are socioeconomically disadvantaged are at increased risk for high body mass index (BMI) and multiple diseases in adulthood. The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis proposes that early life conditions affect later-life health in a manner that is only partially modifiable by later-life experiences. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether epigenetic measures of BMI developed in adults are valid biomarkers of childhood BMI and if they are sensitive to early life social determinants of health...