JAMA Neurology

IMPORTANCE: Multiple studies suggest that comorbidity worsens clinically relevant outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS), including the severity of disability at diagnosis and rate of disability worsening after diagnosis. However, less is known regarding the association of comorbidity with measures of disease activity, such as relapse rate and magnetic resonance imaging lesion accrual, which are relevant to clinicians and clinical trialists. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of comorbidities with disease activity in clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in populations with MS...

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IMPORTANCE: Patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse headaches (CM-MOH) represent a particularly burdened subpopulation. This trial provides first, to our knowledge, American Academy of Neurology class I evidence for a preventive therapy in CM-MOH. OBJECTIVE: To assess erenumab efficacy and safety in patients with nonopioid CM-MOH. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial took place at 67 centers in North America, Europe, and Australia from October 7, 2019, to November 2, 2022...

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IMPORTANCE: While the typical onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs in early adulthood, 2% to 10% of cases initially present prior to age 18 years, and approximately 5% after age 50 years. Guidance on approaches to differential diagnosis in suspected MS specific to these 2 age groups is needed. OBSERVATIONS: There are unique biological factors in children younger than 18 years and in adults older than age 50 years compared to typical adult-onset MS. These biological differences, particularly immunological and hormonal, may influence the clinical presentation of MS, resilience to neuronal injury, and differential diagnosis...

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IMPORTANCE: The X chromosome has remained enigmatic in Alzheimer disease (AD), yet it makes up 5% of the genome and carries a high proportion of genes expressed in the brain, making it particularly appealing as a potential source of unexplored genetic variation in AD. OBJECTIVES: To perform the first large-scale X chromosome-wide association study (XWAS) of AD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a meta-analysis of genetic association studies in case-control, family-based, population-based, and longitudinal AD-related cohorts from the US Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium, the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project, the UK Biobank, the Finnish health registry, and the US Million Veterans Program...

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IMPORTANCE: A proportion of people with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) have a relapsing disease course and persistent anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) seropositivity. Few studies have investigated whether treatment of the first MOGAD attack is associated with the long-term disease course and/or MOG-IgG seronegative conversion. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of time to treat the first acute MOGAD attack with relapse risk and MOG-IgG serostatus...

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IMPORTANCE: In several randomized clinical trials, endovascular thrombectomy led to better functional outcomes than conventional treatment at 90 days poststroke in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion. However, the long-term clinical outcomes of these patients have not been well delineated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 1-year clinical outcomes in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion following endovascular thrombectomy vs control. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This study is an extension of the ATTENTION trial, a multicenter, randomized clinical trial...

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IMPORTANCE: Cerebral vasospasm largely contributes to a devastating outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), with limited therapeutic options. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of localized nicardipine release implants positioned around the basal cerebral vasculature at risk for developing proximal vasospasm after aSAH. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This single-masked randomized clinical trial with a 52-week follow-up was performed between April 5, 2020, and January 23, 2023, at 6 academic neurovascular centers in Germany and Austria...

IMPORTANCE: Anti-β-amyloid immunotherapy using lecanemab is becoming increasingly available to patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) develop AD neuropathology by age 40 years, representing a significant cohort of genetically determined AD. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the binding properties of lecanemab in the brains of people with DS, in anticipation of their inclusion in clinical trials or access to antiamyloid immunotherapies...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.