World Journal of Radiology

BACKGROUND: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RCM) is a rare, fatal, invasive fungal infection infecting mainly patients with immunocompromised conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, hematologic malignancies, and organ transplantations. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease in these patients further weakens the immune system due to several factors, including hypoxia, corticosteroid usage (further increasing hyperglycemic status), mechanical ventilation, increased serum ferritin levels, endothelitis due to free radicals, and glucose receptor protein upregulation...

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most frequently referred conditions to the gastrointestinal outpatient clinic. The pathophysiology of IBS has not been determined with certainty. Visceral hypersensitivity is indicated as one of the pathophysiologies. The sympathetic nervous system is primarily in charge of controlling the arteries, and its effect is vasospasm in the medium and large arteries, resulting in decreased blood flow. AIM: To demonstrate, using Doppler evaluation of the brachial artery, that sympathetic activity impairs vasomotor performance due to autonomic neuropathy, which we believe is associated with IBS...

Esophageal cancer, also referred to as esophagus cancer, is a prevalent disease in the cardiothoracic field and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in China. Accurately determining the status of lymph nodes is crucial for developing treatment plans, defining the scope of intraoperative lymph node dissection, and ascertaining the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer. Recent advances in diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have improved the effectiveness of MRI for assessing lymph node involvement, making it a beneficial tool for guiding personalized treatment plans for patients with esophageal cancer in a clinical setting...

BACKGROUND: Many imaging methods such as ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and endoscopy are used to identify the problems or complications that occur in the perioperative period and to determine the appropriate therapeutic approach. Specialists at surgical clinics and intensive care units sometimes need diagnostic procedures that can give quick results or reveal unexpected results. In particular, rapid on-site evaluation of patients followed under intensive care conditions has several advantages...

Preoperative prediction of the postoperative pancreatic fistula risk is critical in the current era of minimally invasive pancreatic surgeries to tailor perioperative management, thereby minimizing postoperative morbidity. Pancreatic duct diameter can be readily measured by any routine imaging used to diagnose pancreatic disease. However, radiological evaluation of pancreatic texture, an important determinant of pancreatic fistula, has not been widely used to predict the risk of postoperative pancreatic fistula...

BACKGROUND: The course and variations of thyroid arteries must be understood by surgeons to prevent bleeding during operative procedures of the thyroid gland. There is limited scientific literature regarding the radiological anatomy of thyroid arteries in this geographical area, the Garhwal region of Sub-Himalayan belt, which is considered to be the endemic belt of goiter. Computed tomography angiography provides a three-dimensional orientation of the vascular and surgical anatomy of the entire cervical region...

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdomen disease of the digestive system. It has a potentially fatal risk because of its variable severity and various complications. With the widespread application of the Revised Atlanta Classification, new requirements for AP imaging reports are introduced. Experts in abdominal radiology and pancreatology in the United States published the first structured computed tomography reporting template for AP in 2020. However, there is no corresponding structured magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reporting template globally...

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is an emergency that can lead to a high mortality rate and many severe complications. It is critical to make a rapid radiological evaluation of ruptured intracranial aneurysms (RIAs) to determine the appropriate surgical treatment. AIM: To assess the reliability of computed tomography angiography (CTA) in assessing different features of ruptured intracranial aneurysm and its impact on patient management. METHODS: The final cohort of this study consisted of 146 patients with RIAs (75 male and 71 female) who underwent cerebral CTA...

BACKGROUND: Although lung volumes are usually normal in individuals with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), approximately 20%-29% of patients exhibit a restrictive pattern on pulmonary function testing. AIM: To quantify longitudinal changes in lung volume and cardiac cross-sectional area (CSA) in patients with CTEPH. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study of patients seen in our hospital between January 2012 and December 2019, we evaluated 15 patients with CTEPH who had chest computed tomography (CT) performed at baseline and after at least 6 mo of therapy...

Prostate cancer (Pca; adenocarcinoma) is one of the most common cancers in adult males and one of the leading causes of death in both men and women. The diagnosis of Pca requires substantial experience, and even then the lesions can be difficult to detect. Moreover, although the diagnostic approach for this disease has improved significantly with the advent of multiparametric magnetic resonance, that technology has certain unresolved limitations. In recent years artificial intelligence (AI) has been introduced to the field of radiology, providing new software solutions for prostate diagnostics...

BACKGROUND: Prominent leptomeningeal contrast enhancement (LMCE) in the brain is observed in some pediatric patients during sedation for imaging. However, based on clinical history and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, the patients are not acutely ill and do not exhibit meningeal signs. Our study determined whether sevoflurane inhalation in pediatric patients led to this pattern of 'pseudo' LMCE (pLMCE) on 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). AIM: To highlight the significance of pLMCE in pediatric patients undergoing enhanced brain MRI under sedation to avoid misinterpretation in reports...

BACKGROUND: The data obtained on the anatomical knowledge of the tracheobronchial system can be used for diagnosis, treatment and interventional interventions in areas such as anesthesia, thoracic surgery, pulmonary physiology. AIM: To determine the tracheobronchial branching angles in pediatric and adult populations by using the multislice computed tomography (CT) and minimum intensity projection (MinIP) technique, which is a non-invasive method. METHODS: Our study was carried out retrospectively...

Radiomics is a hot topic in the research on customized oncology treatment, efficacy evaluation, and tumor prognosis prediction. To achieve the goal of mining the heterogeneity information within the tumor tissue, the image features concealed within the tumoral images are turned into quantifiable data features. This article primarily describes the research progress of radiomics and clinical-radiomics combined model in the prediction of efficacy, the choice of treatment modality, and survival in transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and TACE combination therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma...

Cardioembolic stroke is a potentially devastating condition and tends to have a poor prognosis compared with other ischemic stroke subtypes. Therefore, it is important for proper therapeutic management to identify a cardiac source of embolism in stroke patients. Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) can detect the detailed visualization of various cardiac pathologies in the cardiac chambers, interatrial and interventricular septum, valves, and myocardium with few motion artifacts and few dead angles. Multiphase reconstruction images of the entire cardiac cycle make it possible to demonstrate cardiac structures in a dynamic manner...

BACKGROUND: Acute fibroid complications are rare. However, failure to recognize and treat acute complications expeditiously when they occur can lead to catastrophic, even deadly, complications. Pyomyoma is a rare but potentially fatal condition resulting from infarction and infection of a fibroid through bacterial seeding and direct, hematogenous, or lymphatic dissemination. Even though the diagnosis is established through clinical and laboratory findings, imaging is an important complementary method to support the suspected diagnosis...

The goal of parathyroid imaging in hyperparathyroidism is not diagnosis, rather it is the localization of the cause of hyperparathyroidism for planning the best therapeutic approach. Hence, the role of imaging to accurately and precisely localize the abnormal parathyroid tissue is more important than ever to facilitate minimally invasive parathyroidectomy over bilateral neck exploration. The common causes include solitary parathyroid adenoma, multiple parathyroid adenomas, parathyroid hyperplasia and parathyroid carcinoma...

Primary liver cancer is the fourth most common malignancy worldwide, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comprising up to 90% of cases. Imaging is a staple for surveillance and diagnostic criteria for HCC in current guidelines. Because early diagnosis can impact treatment approaches, utilizing new imaging methods and protocols to aid in differentiation and tumor grading provides a unique opportunity to drastically impact patient prognosis. Within this review manuscript, we provide an overview of imaging modalities used to screen and evaluate HCC...

BACKGROUND: Paraduodenal pancreatitis (PP) represents a diagnostic challenge, especially in non-referral centers, given its potential imaging overlap with pancreatic cancer. There are two main histological variants of PP, the cystic and the solid, with slightly different imaging appearances. Moreover, imaging findings in PP may change over time because of disease progression and/or as an effect of its risk factors exposition, namely alcohol intake and smoking. AIM: To describe multimodality imaging findings in patients affected by PP to help clinicians in the differential diagnosis with pancreatic cancer...

BACKGROUND: Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is the preferred non-invasive examination method for coronary heart disease. However, the radiation from computed tomography has become a concern since public awareness of radiation hazards continue to increase. AIM: To explore the value of multiple dose reduction techniques for CCTA. METHODS: Consecutive normal and overweight patients were prospectively divided into two groups: Group A1 , patients who received multiple dose reduction scans ( n = 82); and group A2 , patients who received conventional scans ( n = 39)...

BACKGROUND: Increased use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI consisting of sequential contrast series, allows us to obtain more information on the microstructure, cellularity, interstitial distance, and vascularity of tumors, which has increased the discrimination power for benign and malignant salivary gland tumors (SGTs). In the last few years, quantitative DCE MRI data containing T1 perfusion parameters (Ktrans , Kep and Ve ), were reported to contribute to the differentiation of benign or malignant subtypes in SGTs...