Case Reports in Oncology

INTRODUCTION: Vaginal cancer is a rare gynecologic malignancy. While in a localized disease, concurrent chemoradiation grants local control and better overall survival, in a metastatic setting, the management options are very limited. Furthermore, recurrent cervical, vulvar, and vaginal carcinomas notoriously develop resistance to treatment, and consequently, their prognosis is still poor. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein present the case of a woman with a nodal relapse of vaginal carcinoma, effectively treated with third-line immunotherapy...

INTRODUCTION: Head and neck cancer is an umbrella term for tumor manifestations across the head and neck regions, including the oral cavity, pharynx (including the naso, oro, and hypopharynx), larynx, and sinuses. Treatment options for head and neck cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, with specific treatment plans depending upon individual tumor location and staging, together with overall patient health status. Furthermore, definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has emerged as a highly effective therapeutic option for locoregional advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer...

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer is the second most common cancer; however, synchronous lung cancer is rare and challenging to treat. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of an 80-year-old female patient who presented with two lung lesions with primary tumor characteristics, which revealed squamous cell carcinoma and synchronous adenocarcinoma after histological sampling. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis revealed a MET Exon 14 skipping mutation in squamous cell carcinoma and an epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in adenocarcinoma...

INTRODUCTION: Patients with advanced primary liver cancer often lose the opportunity for surgery when they are found, and the treatment options are limited. Lenvatinib, as a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been used as the first-line treatment for advanced liver cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors, have been successfully used in advanced or metastatic liver cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of combined lenvatinib and the programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor camrelizumab in the treatment of primary liver cancer, in which the rare complication of full-thickness gastric mucosa exfoliation occurred...

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. Despite the sharp rise in incidence, mortality is decreasing. ARTA preparations are preferred options for asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with mCRPC. The use of enzalutamide in elderly patients with mCRPC is risky and depends on a number of factors. An increased risk of falls and fractures has been shown. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case report of an elderly patient with mCRPC treated with enzalutamide with very good long-term tolerance and efficacy...

INTRODUCTION: Capecitabine has rarely been associated with neurotoxicity. Cerebellar ataxia, multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy have been reported in the literature. A case of 6th nerve palsy associated with capecitabine has also been described. This article reports the first case of capecitabine-related 4th nerve palsy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old Caucasian woman was referred by the Oncology Department because she had been complaining of binocular diplopia for 6 months...

INTRODUCTION: Mutations of CHEK2 are usually inherited and have been implicated in breast cancers, colorectal cancers, thyroid cancers, kidney cancers, and prostate cancers. The CHEK2 gene codes for checkpoint kinase 2 protein which is an effector in the ATM-CHEK2-p53 pathway and responds to DNA double-strand breaks. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a unique case of a 29-year-old Canadian female who presented with synchronous papillary thyroid carcinoma and rectal adenocarcinoma who was subsequently found to have a sporadic CHEK2 (checkpoint kinase 2) mutation...

INTRODUCTION: The expression of T-cell-associated antigens on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is uncommon. The coexpression of ≥2 T-cell-associated antigens on DLBCL is even rarer. This has been reported in the literature only a few times, most commonly coexpression of either CD5 or CD8 and a second, different T-cell marker. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report features a patient who presented with a rapidly evolving head and neck mass that displayed coexpression of CD5 and CD8...

INTRODUCTION: Reexposure to anti-EGFR antibodies, such as a reintroduction or rechallenge with anti-EGFR antibodies, has attracted much attention in the field of metastatic colorectal cancer. A reintroduction of anti-EGFR antibodies often shows good therapeutic outcomes, as most patients eligible for such reintroduction discontinued treatment due to adverse events despite a good treatment response during front-line treatment. We herein report a case demonstrating an improvement in exertional dyspnea after the reintroduction of anti-EGFR antibody in a patient with metastatic rectal cancer who developed cancerous lymphangiopathy...

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial germinomas mainly arise in the pineal gland or neurohypophyseal region. The basal ganglia have been reported as the site of occurrence for ectopic germinomas, whereas other sites have been rarely described. We experienced a case of multifocal ectopic germinoma that arose in the septum pellucidum and the dorsal brain stem, not including the pineal gland, neurohypophysis, and basal ganglia of ectopic germinoma in a pregnant woman. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient initially presented to our institution with complaints of diplopia in the past 14 weeks of gestation, and imaging later revealed two intracranial neoplastic lesions, with one lesion involving the septum pellucidum and the other involving the dorsal brainstem...

INTRODUCTION: Controlled randomized trials, molecular analytics, and guideline recommendations have so far been irreplaceable tools to ensure appropriate treatment and decision-making for physicians and patients. Individual patient models are increasingly complementing these methods, particularly in the case of advanced cancers, rare cancers, and cancers of unknown primary (CUP), as in these cases comprehensive clinical evidence is unavailable, often resulting in poor treatment success, even after stratification...

INTRODUCTION: Rare cancers, in aggregate, represent a significant burden of disease in oncology and remain therapeutically challenging to manage due to a lack of clinical trials. Eccrine porocarcinoma is a rare cutaneous sweat-gland malignancy for which there remains no standard approach to metastatic disease. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a patient diagnosed with metastatic disease, confirmed on bone biopsy; pathological analysis further revealed this was oestrogen receptor positive...

INTRODUCTION: Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder (PUB) is an extremely rare extra-adrenal catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumor, accounting for only 0.05% of all bladder tumors and 1% of all pheochromocytomas. The clinical presentation of PUB can be diverse and challenging to diagnose. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report presents a 37-year-old man with post-micturition palpitation, headache, and sweating, with no history of hematuria or other irritative urinary symptoms...

INTRODUCTION: This study is a case of solitary clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) eyelid metastasis in a 66-year-old man as the first sign of a primary tumor. ccRCC usually spreads to the lungs, mediastinum, bones, liver, and brain, while ocular metastases are rare. CASE PRESENTATION: Solitary metastasis presented as a solid mass in the central third of the upper eyelid, which has been growing for 3 weeks. Treatment included tumor removal and blepharoplasty...

INTRODUCTION: Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a treatment wherein intravenous cetuximab sarotalocan sodium is administered followed by laser light irradiation. This treatment exhibits a specific antitumor effect if in tumors expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor, regardless of the carcinoma [Mitsunaga et al.: Nat Med. 2011;17(12):1685-91, Sato et al.: ACS Cent Sci. 2018;4(11):1559-69, Nakajima et al.: Cancer Sci. 2018;109(9):2889-96]. The current indications are unresectable, locally advanced, or locally recurrent head and neck cancer...

INTRODUCTION: Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-Dxd) has been approved for the treatment of HER2-positive gastric cancer. However, there are only a limited number of cases of gastric cancer where a long-term complete response (CR) has been maintained. Consequently, we report a case of gastric cancer in which long-term CR was maintained. CASE PRESENTATION: A woman in her late 60s underwent a gastrointestinal endoscopy, which revealed a type 2 lesion with ulceration in the lesser curvature of the vestibule, and a biopsy, which revealed an adenocarcinoma...

INTRODUCTION: Primary splenic lymphoma is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that involves the spleen, exhibits diverse clinical presentations, and lacks a clear consensus in terms of management strategies. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 52-year-old patient with a complex medical history marked by multiple chronic medical conditions. The patient was diagnosed with primary splenic lymphoma, specifically the diffuse large B-cell subtype. Treatment for our patient involved a shortened course of chemotherapy (4 cycles of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone [R-CHOP] followed by two doses of rituximab) due to issues related to compliance and treatment-related complications...

INTRODUCTION: Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the prostate is an extremely rare and aggressive tumor that presents with nonspecific signs and symptoms. Treatment guidelines are not yet established. CASE PRESENTATION: We report two cases of LMS of the prostate. The presenting symptom was hematuria, and diagnosis was ascertained through a transurethral resection of the prostate for the 2 patients. The treatment course consisted of three courses of chemotherapy with gemcitabine and docetaxel, radical prostatectomy, and postoperative radiation therapy for the first patient and three courses of gemcitabine and radiation therapy of the prostate and the whole pelvis for the second patient...

INTRODUCTION: Improvements in overall survival from advanced gastric cancer have recently been reported with nivolumab. However, few reports have described long-term survival after discontinuing treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: A 67-year-old man diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer and abdominal aortic aneurysm initially underwent distal gastrectomy with D2 dissection. Histological examination revealed tub2 and T2N1M0 stage IIA. One month later, endovascular aneurysm repair was performed...

INTRODUCTION: Mature cystic teratoma (MCT) is a common type of ovarian tumors that can, in rare cases, undergo malignant transformation. It has been discovered that MCT patients may experience psychiatric symptoms due to the presence of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies, which is the underlying cause of autoimmune encephalitis. Here, we present the first documented case of a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who also had a morphology of low-grade glioma within MCT...