Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Supplement

OBJECTIVE: This article summarizes the findings of narrative and systematic literature reviews focused on the relationship between exposure to alcohol marketing and youth drinking, viewed in context of criteria for causality. We also consider the implications of this proposition for alcohol policy and public health. METHOD: Our descriptive synthesis of findings is from 11 narrative and systematic reviews using the nine Bradford Hill causality criteria: (a) strength of association, (b) consistency, (c) specificity of association, (d) temporality, (e) biological gradient, (f) biological plausibility, (g) coherence, (h) experimental evidence, and (i) analogy...

OBJECTIVE: This article provides a guide for the behavioral scientist to understand and judge econometric studies of alcohol advertising. METHOD: The requirements for causal evidence in an econometric study include an empirical scenario in which alcohol advertising is not affected by alcohol consumption and in which both consumption and advertising are not affected by a common third variable. The articles included in this review were a sampling of older studies to illustrate the problems with these studies and newer studies, not covered by existing reviews, which try to directly address causality...

OBJECTIVE: Underage alcohol use is a major public health problem and substantial corporate money supports alcohol advertising across multiple venues. A diverse research literature demonstrates that adolescent exposure to such advertising is associated with drinking attitudes and behavior, but no scientific body has determined these associations to be causal. The objective of this study was to assess the association between alcohol advertising and teen drinking in the context of the "Analogy" criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria and consider a determination that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol use is causal...

OBJECTIVE: Evidence increasingly suggests that alcohol marketing plays a significant role in facilitating underage drinking. This article presents a review of empirical studies and relevant theoretical models proposing plausible psychological mechanisms or processes responsible for associations between alcohol-related marketing and youth drinking. METHOD: We review key psychological processes pertaining to cognitive mechanisms and social cognitive models that operate at the individual or intrapersonal level (attitude formation, expectancies) and the social or interpersonal level (personal identity, social identity, social norms)...

OBJECTIVE: Although an association between exposure to alcohol advertising and underage drinking is well documented, the underlying neurobiological contributions to this association remain largely unexplored. From an epidemiological perspective, identifying the neurobiological plausibility of this exposure-outcome association is a crucial step toward establishing marketing as a contributor to youth drinking and informing public policy interventions to decrease this influence. METHOD: We conducted a critical review of the literature on neurobiological risk factors and adolescent brain development, social influences on drinking, and neural contributions to reward sensitization and risk taking...

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol marketing has proliferated on digital media, such as websites, social media, and apps. A systematic review was conducted to examine studies of associations between exposure to digital alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption. METHOD: Eight electronic databases were searched for "alcohol" and "marketing" through 14 February 2017. Studies were included if exposure to digital alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption, or related attitudes and intentions, were assessed...

OBJECTIVE: This article provides a systematic review of cross-sectional research examining associations between exposure to alcohol marketing and alcohol use behaviors among adolescents and young adults. METHOD: Literature searches of eight electronic databases were carried out in February 2017. Searches were not limited by date, language, country, or peer-review status. After abstract and full-text screening for eligibility and study quality, 38 studies that examined the relationship between alcohol marketing and alcohol use behaviors were selected for inclusion...

OBJECTIVE: This review examines the research of the effects of alcohol advertising on the cognitive mechanisms that precede underage alcohol use. METHOD: Using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we reviewed 22 studies (1988-2016) selected from 22,040 articles. The final sample assessed cognitive responses of youth younger than the legal purchase age who were exposed to alcohol advertisements from television or magazines...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to inform public health efforts to reduce alcohol-related harm by describing the alcohol marketing landscape. We review the size, structure, and strategies of both the U.S. national and global alcohol industries and their principal marketing activities and expenditures and provide a summary of public health responses. METHOD: Primary data were obtained from advertising and alcohol industry market research firms and were supplemented by searches of peer-reviewed literature, business press, and online databases on global business and trade...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The articles presented in this issue of the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (Supplement No. 18) describe the rapid improvements over the past decade in methods, theories, and data systems used for needs-based planning of addiction treatment services. In this concluding essay, the editors describe the progress, prospects, and implications of this new wave of research. It is concluded that these developments can be used to maximize the impact of treatment services at the population level.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

OBJECTIVE: The article describes an epidemiological indicator called Treatment Demand Indicator (TDI). The TDI aims to provide professionals and researchers with a common European methodology for collecting and reporting core data on drug users in contact with treatment services. The article discusses the implementation of the TDI in the European countries and describes the main results, limitations, and future perspectives. METHOD: The TDI provides a common format for reporting data on clients entering treatment as a result of their drug use and related problems during each calendar year...

OBJECTIVE: Minimal knowledge exists on the factors that affect implementation of performance measurement systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To address this, we describe the implementation of a performance measurement system for South Africa's substance abuse treatment services known as the Service Quality Measures (SQM) initiative. METHOD: We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of system implementation. We surveyed 81 providers about the extent of system implementation within their agencies and the factors that facilitated implementation...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how performance is defined, conceptualized, and measured in mental health and addiction service systems around the world. METHOD: We conducted a systematic scoping review of English-language scientific and gray literature published from 2005 to 2015. Eligible documents (n = 222) described performance measurement systems and outlined the theory or empirical evidence for indicators. We used a structured approach for data extraction and descriptive and thematic analysis, supplemented with stakeholder consultation...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

OBJECTIVE: We modeled the impact of changing Specialist Treatment Access Rates to different treatment pathways on the future prevalence of alcohol dependence, treatment outcomes, service capacity, costs, and mortality. METHOD: Local Authority numbers and the prevalence of people "potentially in need of assessment for and treatment in specialist services for alcohol dependence" (PINASTFAD) are estimated by mild, moderate, severe, and complex needs. Administrative data were used to estimate the Specialist Treatment Access Rate per PINASTFAD person and classify 22 different treatment pathways...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the need for population-level services for alcohol and other drug abuse in support of local planning. METHOD: Data were drawn from a subsample of 2,942 interviewees from the São Paulo Megacity Study, which evaluated mental health in the general population (18 years and older) of residents in the São Paulo metropolitan area. This population was classified into five hierarchical categories of severity, making it possible to obtain estimates of need for services, combining evaluation criteria regarding drug and alcohol use and general and mental health comorbidities over the last 12 months...

OBJECTIVE: The needs of substance problem use services (SPUSs) should ideally be assessed locally to support the provision of appropriate, cost-effective services for the population. In this article we present a model for estimating the adult population's potential needs for and actual use of SPUSs. We used Finnish survey and register data as material for a qualitative assessment. The purpose of our article is to contribute to a discussion on the dimensions of assessment of the need for SPUSs at a local level...